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Biopsychosocial Model of Depression
Major depressive disorder is characterized by anhedonia, anergia, and low mood (APA,
2015) that can be best explained by the biopsychosocial model
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, 2004)
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This essay will apply the biopsychosocial model to depression, elaborating on biological,
psychological, and social causes that interplay, present an exemplary vignette, and discuss
limitations of this model
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, 2004)
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, 2000)
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It can be expected
that multiple genes with small effect sizes contribute to depression (Lohoff, 2010)
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The Monoamine hypothesis of depression (Bunney & Davis, 1965) is a flawed but utilitarian
biological model for depression
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Serotonergic and noradrenergic pathways are innervated through brain areas involved
in fear regulation (amygdala), actions selection (basal ganglia), regulating sleep (thalamus),
motivation (prefrontal cortex), making choices (dorsolateral prefrontal cortex), pleasure
(hypothalamus), appetite (nucleus accumbens), and mood regulation (ventromedial prefrontal
cortex, amygdala, anterior cingulate cortex), explaining the range of symptoms seen in depression
from anhedonia to anergia to low mood
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In this way, biology is tied to cognition (Disner et al
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These same life experiences can cause a person to
have insecure attachment (Bowlby, 1969) leading them to believe that they are unlovable unworthy
of secure affectionate ties (Sable,2000)
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Depression is then maintained via negative
automatic thoughts (NATs)
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These cognitions give rise
to turbulent relationships, characterised by self-criticism and excessive reassurance seeking (Pattem
et al
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To some degree, these psychological factors can be
influenced by biology (e
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, 1975)
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, 2001)
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There is a well-established link between depression and chronic stress (Hammen, 2004)
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The work environment can be extremely stressful, due to a negligent supervisor, unsupportive
coworkers, heavy workloads, demanding deadlines, and unforgiving customers, amongst other
things causing mental health difficulties (Standfeld & Candy, 2006)
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, 2002)
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A study by Caspi et al
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In
sum, it is undeniable that biological, psychological, and social systems are interconnected
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, 2010) whose mother placed
her in the foster care system(socioeconomic factors of depression (Singleton, 2001)) due to her
inability to care for Lucy as a result of depression (Genetics)
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Lucy’s
job underwent job cuts and leaving her responsible for the work of two people
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After being in this role for
months, Lucy begins to feel low mood, a lack of energy, and difficulty concentrating (cortisol leading
to cellular death; problems of 5HT and NA signalling)
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This in turn makes her
feel worse and more depressed
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One of the
most generally cited problem with the BPS model is that its inclusiveness results in an unscientific,
“fluffy”, pluralistic approach where, all perspectives have won and deserve prizes
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In contrast to this, the BPS model potentially justifies a morass of
“anything goes” in medicine and health (Ghaemi, 2009)
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In short, must a
physician now understand everything? If knowledge expectations and training become too diffuse,
then expertise will inevitably suffer
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, 2002; Caplan et al
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To dismiss the model due to inconvenience would be
professionally negligent
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This
interdependent nature makes it urgent that all factors be taken into account when attempting to
form a complete explanation of depression

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