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INTRODUCTION TO LOGICS
(ECO1015)
GROUP PROJECT
GROUP B

Group Members and ID#:
Chantelle Drummonds 1503039
Tasha-Lee Dinnall 1502847
Academic Year: 2015/2016
Tutorial Day / Time: Thursdays, 8:00-10:00 am
School: School of Business Administration
Lecturer: Jeffery Clarke

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Outline of Questions
Chantelle Drummonds – Question 1
Tasha-Lee Dinnall – Question 2

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Question 1
At least one school is a tertiary institution
...

Therefore, at least one school is not a university
...

a) If the statement “some schools are not tertiary institutions” is true, what is the
immediate inference of this ‘O’ statement?
An immediate inference is the relationship between two propositions that are logically
equivalent
...
Therefore the statement “some schools are not tertiary
institutions” immediate inference can only be obverse because that is the only immediate
inference that relates to O statements
...

b) What is the obverse of the A-Statement above?
In order to form the obverse of a categorical proposition, we replace the predicate term of
the proposition with its complement and reverse the quality of the proposition either from
affirmative to negative or negative to affirmative
...

The obverse for the A statement “All universities are tertiary institutions” is “No
universities are non-tertiary institutions”
...
For
example: No dogs are felines → No felines are dogs
Therefore “Some schools are not tertiary institutions” would be “some tertiary
institutions are not schools”
...
Some schools are not tertiary institutions (high school, preparatory, primary, basic)
Some school tertiary institutions are not schools would be false
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The converse of any I proposition are true if and only if the original proposition was true
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(A)
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Some poisonous animals are snakes
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(A)
Some audio players are memory cards
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That premise would be the first premise of
the argument, making the other premise the second premise
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The standard form is therefore:
All A are B
Some C are B
So, Some C are not A
g) Identify its mood and figure:
The mood of a syllogism is simply a statement of which categories propositions (A, E, I,
O) it comprises, listed in the order of which they appear in standard form
...
This
syllogism middle term is the predicate term of both premises
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h) Test its validity using a Venn diagram
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j) Why would you or would you not use a truth table to test the argument above?
I would not use a truth table to test the argument because the argument is not in one of
the five famous forms and also because the argument does not contain more than one
connectives (and, or, not, if then, if and only if)
...

Substitution instances are usually supposed to be in a format where both premises are true
and the conclusion is false
...
The rule for contraries states that:
If one is true, the other is false
If one is false, the other is doubtful
All dogs are mammals (T)
Some sea creatures are mammals (T)
So, some sea creatures are not dogs (F)
No dogs are mammals (F)
Some sea creatures are mammals (T)
So, some sea creatures are not dogs (F)

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l)

Use some substitution instances to show how sub-contraries work
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The rule for subcontraries states that:
If one is false, the other is true
If one is true, the other is doubtful
All sea creatures are aquatic (T)
Some mammals are aquatic (T)
So, some mammals are not sea creatures (T)
All sea creatures are aquatic (T)
Some mammals are not aquatic (T)
So, some mammals are sea creatures (T)

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Question 2
Although 1[people often say that beauty is in the eye of the beholder,] there are
various reasons for thinking that 2[beauty is objective
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] After all, 4[virtually everyone finds the Grand
Canyon, Niagara Falls, and the Rocky Mountains beautiful
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] Third, 7[art critics tend to agree among themselves about
which historical works of art are truly great
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]
Answer questions ‘a’ to ‘j’ below from the passage immediately above
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It contains set of sentences, not just any sentences but if you realize some of these
sentences are giving support while others are giving conclusion, therefore these sentences
are statements
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b) Identify from the above passage and explain any two (2) violations of well-crafted
arguments
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Examples include although and even though which are discount indicators
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Statement 6 and 7 repeats a common idea
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Also “art critics frequently disagree with one another” and “the
critics are not, in general, reluctant to disagree with one another”
c) In composing a well-crafted version of the above argument, how is each of the
violations identified in ‘b’ above dealt with?
The discount indicators are eliminated or separated from the premises
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d) Write a well-crafted version of this argument
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There is a wide agreement
about natural beauty
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Art critics frequently disagree with one another
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Beauty is
objective
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f) How can you tell whether this argument is deductive or inductive?
This argument is inductive because the premises tend to guarantee the conclusion
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h) Which of the methods learnt in logic is the most appropriate for testing this
argument?
By drawing a Venn Diagram
i)

What is the relationship between statements 8 and 9 on the argument diagram?
Nine is supporting Eight

j) Identify two (2) sub-conclusions from the passage
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k) Construct an argument that has a conclusion and a sub-conclusion
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SOBA contains the most
population of Utech itself
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Utech has a
large population of students
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All persons with cancer are up in the hospital
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It is a 3 part deductive argument
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Not R
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Q
T
T
F
F

R
T
F
T
F

Q→R
T
F
T
T

~R
F
T
F
T

∴Q
T
T
F
F

2) Deduce the validity from the truth table results
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3) Construct a counterexample for the form above
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