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Shelby Burd
Home Produced Notes: Bio168
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Ex/ shape and sizes of bone
Different Levels of Anatomy:
1
...

i
...


2
...
(Book doesn’t directly call it microscopic anatomy but information is correct)
ii
...


iii
...


3
...


iv
...

***Example/ The Body Systems like the Cardiovascular, Skeletal, Respiratory, etc
...

**In systemic anatomy, the body is studied system by system
...
Within
each region, (Head/abdomen/arm/etc
...


Fun Fact:
The regional approach is taken in most
graduate programs at medical and
dental schools
...
Surface Anatomy- involves looking at the EXTERIOR of the body to visualize structures deeper INSIDE the
body
...

v
...


Anatomical imaging- uses radiographs (x-rays), ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and
other technologies to create pictures of internal structures
...


[

Add more notes before Lecture Exam

END pg
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1 ANATOMICAL IMAGING

]

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Home Produced Notes: Bio168

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Shelby Burd
Home Produced Notes: Bio168

Physiology- is the scientific investigation of the processes or functions of living things
...

The Major Goals of Physiology:
i
...

ii
...

Different Levels of Physiology:
1
...

2
...

3
...

4
...


Note: Physiology often examines
systems rather than regions
because a particular function can
involve portions of a system in more
than one region
...
1 (Make a copy for TOMRROW)

1
...


What is studied in gross anatomy? In surface anatomy?

3
...


Why are anatomy and physiology normally studied together?

5
...


What does MRI stand for? Another term for X-Ray?

7
...
)

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Home Produced Notes: Bio168
Bio Notes 1
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1
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**Atoms combine to form molecules
...


**The FUNCTION of a molecule is intimately related to its STRUCTURE
...
With old age, the structure of collagen
changes, and the skin becomes fragile and more easily torn
...
Cell Level- Basic structural and functional units of plants and animals
...


Note: Organelles are the small
structures inside cells
...


**Although cell types differ in their structure and function, they have many
characteristics in common
...
(Chptr 3)

3
...


**The CHARACTERISTICS of the cells and surrounding materials DETERMINE THE FUNCTIONS OF THE
TISSUE
...


The body is made up of FOUR basic tissue types:
1) Epithelial
2) Connective
3) Muscle
4) Nervous

Definitely On LAB
Quiz
...
Organ Level- An organ is composed of two or more tissue types that perform(ing) one or more common
functions
...
Organ System Level- An organ system is a group of organs that TOGETHER perform a common function or set of
functions and are therefore viewed as a unit
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11 Major Organ Systems:
1) Integumentary
2) Skeletal
3) Muscular
4) Nervous
5) Endocrine
6) Cardiovascular
7) Lymphatic
8) Respiratory
9) Digestive
10) Urinary
11) Reproductive

Ex/ The urinary system consists of
the kidneys, ureter, urinary bladder,
and urethra
...


6
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**The human organism is a network of organ systems, all mutually dependent on one another
...
2 Major Organs of the Body
(You Can Do This!)

A
B
D

C
F

E
G
H

K

I

J
L

M

N

O

P
R

Q
S
T
U
V

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Home Produced Notes: Bio168

Figure 1
...
2
1
...


2
...
Referring to figures above, which two organ systems are responsible for regulating the other organ
systems? Which two are responsible for support and movement?

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Home Produced Notes: Bio168

Bio Notes 1
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Organization
i
...
Metabolism
ii
...
Responsiveness
iii
...


organism’s ability to sense changes in its external or internal environment and adjust to those changes

4
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refers to an increase in the size or number of cells, which produces an overall enlargement of all or part
of an organism

5
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includes the changes an organism undergoes through time, beginning with
fertilization and ending at death
...

Ex/ following fertilization, immature cells
differentiate to become specific cell types,
such as skin, bone, muscle, or nerve cells
...


6
...


formation of new cells or new organisms
...
Without reproduction of organisms, species become extinct
...
3
1
...


2
...
5 Homeostasis
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
Homeostasis: is the existence and maintenance of a relatively constant environment within the body
...

To achieve homeostasis, the body must actively regulate conditions that are constantly changing as our
bodies are exposed to new conditions or variables throughout the day
...

**Variable that can increase in heat/decrease in the cold
**Homeostatic mechanisms: such as sweating or shivering normally
maintain body temperature near an ideal normal value, or set point
...


Note: That these mechanisms are NOT able to
maintain body temperature PRECISELY at the set point
...
As long as body temperature remains within
this normal range, homeostasis is maintained
...

Note: In Figure 1
...
Our average body temperature is 98
...

Changes caused by an increase of a variable outside the normal range
are shown in the green boxes

(3) The body
temperature control
center in the brain
responds to the change
in body temperature

(4) The control center causes
sweat glands to produce sweat
and blood vessels in the skin to
dilate
...


(5) These changes cause body temperature to decrease
...


Changes caused by a decrease of a variable outside the normal range
are shown in the red boxes

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Home Produced Notes: Bio168
Questions 1
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Negative Feedback ______________ the change and _____________ homeostasis
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Body Temperature decreases, shivering occurs, body temperature increases
...
Why?

3
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A deviation from the set point always results in disease
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An individual is suffering from a fever
...
6 degrees F
...
How do variables, set points, and normal ranges relate to homeostasis?

6
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7
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Give an example of how a negative-feedback mechanism maintains homeostasis
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Give an example of a positive-feedback mechanism that may be harmful to the body and an example of one that
is not harmful
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6 Terminology & The Body Plan
__________________________________________________________________________________________________

Body Positions

I
...
Most anatomical terms are derived
from Latin or Greek
...
” The foramen
magnum is therefore a large hole in the
skull through which the spinal cord attaches
to the brain
...


A person is supine when lying face upward

III
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The position of the body can affect the description
of body parts relative to each other
...
Therefore, to avoid confusion, relational
descriptions are always based on the anatomical
position, no matter the actual position of the body
...


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Home Produced Notes: Bio168

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Home Produced Notes: Bio168
Questions 1
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What is anatomical position in humans? Why is it important?

2
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What two directional terms indicate “the back” in humans? What are the opposite terms?

4
...


Body Parts and Regions

The central region of the body consists of:
1
...
NECK
3
...


Trunk
Divided into:
i
...

ii
...


The upper limb is divided into:
1
...
Forearm: Elbow  Wrist
3
...
Hand

The lower limb is divided into:
1
...
Leg: Knee  Ankle
3
...
Foot

iii
...


a)

b)

Abdomen subdivided into 4 quadrants by 2
imaginary lines that intersect at the navel
...

Sagittal plane: Runs vertically

Fun Fact/Note: The word sagittal
literally means “the flight of an
arrow” and refers to the way the
body would be split by an arrow
passing anteriorly to posteriorly
...


Median plane: is a “sagittal plane” that passes through the midline of the body
...

( Top and Bottom )
Transverse (horizontal) Plane: Runs flat to the ground, dividing the body into superior and inferior portions
...


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Home Produced Notes: Bio168

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Home Produced Notes: Bio168
KEY

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Shelby Burd
Home Produced Notes: Bio168
Body Orientation: Planes of Section; Planes through an Organ
1
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A cut at a right angle to the length of an organ is a Transverse (cross) section
...
If a cut is made across the length of an organ at other than a right angle, it is called an Oblique section
...
Some of which open to the outside of the body, like the nasal cavity, and some do not
...
Thoracici
...

ii
...

Divided into RIGHT and LEFT parts by a MIDDLE SECTION called the Mediastinum  (Middle Wall)






Contains
Heart
Thymus
Trachea
Esophagus
Blood vessels &
Nerves

**The two lungs are located on each
side of the mediastinum
...
Abdominali
...

Contains Stomach, Intestines, Liver, Spleen, Pancreas, Kidneys
...
Pelvic- Pelvic bones encase the small space known as the pelvic cavity
i
...


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Home Produced Notes: Bio168

Serous Membranes
Serous Membranes line the Trunk Cavities and cover the organs within those cavities
...

**The visceral pericardium covers the heart
which is contained within a connective tissue
sac lined with the parietal pericardium
...
6
1
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What is the difference between the arm and the upper limb? Between the leg and the lower limb?

3
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In what quadrant would the majority of the stomach be located? In which region(s)?

5
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