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Title: bio statistics
Description: Biostatistics is the application of statistics or technique to biological studies.all livingthings are expected to express some intra/inter form of diversity and even measures within the same unit may exhibit some form variability this implies that as long there are differences in the observable traits of living things and associated diversity of their various forms and types,there should be need for some specialized set of tools to investigate,anlize,report this variable form.
Description: Biostatistics is the application of statistics or technique to biological studies.all livingthings are expected to express some intra/inter form of diversity and even measures within the same unit may exhibit some form variability this implies that as long there are differences in the observable traits of living things and associated diversity of their various forms and types,there should be need for some specialized set of tools to investigate,anlize,report this variable form.
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Metabolism and Regulation of
Intermediary Metabolites
Dr Mick Henderson
Biochemical Genetics
Leeds Teaching Hospitals
Trust
Aim of this presentation
• To discuss principles of metabolic
control
• Outline main metabolic categories
• Discuss co-operation and regulation
between organs and pathways
What is
metabolism?
Intermediary Metabolism
• energy pathways
• biosynthetic pathways
• miscellaneous
– Degradative
– Detoxifying
– Redox
Energy generating pathways
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Glycolysis
Gluconeogenesis
Glycogen storage and breakdown
Fatty acid oxidation
Ketone synthesis and metabolism
Amino acid catabolism
Krebb’s cycle
Oxidative phosphorylation
Biosynthetic pathways
E
...
• haem
• neurotransmitters
Miscellaneous pathways
• Urea cycle – detoxifying
• Pentose phosphate pathway –
generates reducing equivalents
• Glutathione synthesis
• Anaplerotic pathways
How is it controlled?
Long term control
• Compartmentation
– Between organs
• e
...
glucose 6 phosphatase expressed in liver but
not muscle
– Within cells
• e
...
acid hydrolases transported to, and activated
within, lysosomes
• Gene expression, varying between tissues
• e
...
enzymes of the urea cycle predominantly
expressed in hepatic cells
• Iso enzymes
• e
...
muscle and liver glycogen synthase, coded for
by distinct genes
Short/medium term control
Gene expression
• Protein synthesis
– e
...
haem is genetic regulator of transcription of
synthetic enzymes
haem synthesis
URO’gen 1
ALA
PBG
HMB
COPRO’gen 1
URO’gen 111
COPRO’gen 111
ALA synthetase
PROTO’gen
allosteric
and synthetic
regulation
PROTO
Fe
HAEM
Short/medium term control
Gene expression
• Protein synthesis
– e
...
haem is genetic regulator of transcription of
synthetic enzymes
Control of rate limiting steps
• Transport across membranes
• Mobilisation from storage
• Controlled by hormones
Rapid control
Direct control of protein, enzyme, action
• Phosphorylation
– e
...
glycogen phosphorylase activation
• Allosteric moderation
– e
...
haem deactivates ALA synthase
• Competitive inhibition
– e
...
acetyl CoA acetyl transferase is inhib by its product
acetoacetyl CoA (ketone syn)
• Translocation between subcellular locations
– e
...
steps in
pathway
– Animal model with multiple
heterozygosity for fat oxid
...
Title: bio statistics
Description: Biostatistics is the application of statistics or technique to biological studies.all livingthings are expected to express some intra/inter form of diversity and even measures within the same unit may exhibit some form variability this implies that as long there are differences in the observable traits of living things and associated diversity of their various forms and types,there should be need for some specialized set of tools to investigate,anlize,report this variable form.
Description: Biostatistics is the application of statistics or technique to biological studies.all livingthings are expected to express some intra/inter form of diversity and even measures within the same unit may exhibit some form variability this implies that as long there are differences in the observable traits of living things and associated diversity of their various forms and types,there should be need for some specialized set of tools to investigate,anlize,report this variable form.