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01 | A Brief History of Microbiology

THE MODERN AGE OF MICROBIOLOGY








✦ Fields of microbiology:


• Basic Research



• Microbe Centered

- Bacteriology:

Bacteria and Archaea

- Phycology:

Algae

- Mycology:

Fungi

- Protozoology:

Protozoa

- Parasitology:

Parasitic Protozoa and parasitic animals

- virology:

Viruses

• Process Centered

- Microbial Metabolism:

Biochemistry: Chemical reactions with cells

- Microbial genetics

Functions of DNA and RNA

- Environmental Microbiology:

Relationships between microbes and among microbes, other
organisms, and their environment
...




WHAT ARE THE BASIC CHEMICAL REACTIONS OF LIFE?
Biochemistry:

The study of metabolism - the chemical reactions that occur in living
organisms
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✦ Genes are contained in molecules of DNA



✦ A gene's activity is related to the function of the specific protein coded by that
gene
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→ Particularly concerned with genome sequencing
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Gene Therapy:
Gene Therapy:

A process that involves inserting a missing gene or repairing a defective one in
human cells
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19 List 4 major questions that drive microbiological investigations today



1: How can we develop successful programs that either control or eradicate
infectious disease?

Campaign to have more people aware of how to prevent the spread of a

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01 | A Brief History of Microbiology

disease
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Scientists are working to discover alternative to
antibiotics that can eradicate antibiotic resistant pathogens
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Without culture in the lab, we cannot test new
drugs to fight the infection
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3: Can we use microorganisms in nanotechnology?

Scientists are interested in using microbes in nanotechnology, such as in
circuit boards
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4: What are the positive effects of microbial communities?

Understanding microbial communication can help humans prevent diseases,
degrease pollutants and further understand aspects of our ecosystem
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WHAT ROLES DO MICROORGANISMS PLAY IN THE ENVIRNOMENT?


✦ Microbial communities also play an essential role in the decay of dead organisms and
the recycling of chemicals such as C, N, S
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HOW DO WE DEFEND AGAINST DISEASE?


✦ The work of Jenner and Pasteur on vaccines showed that he body can protect itself
from repeated diseases by the same organism
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Serology:

The study of blood serum


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01 | A Brief History of Microbiology



Immunology:

The study of the body's defense against specific pathogens
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20 Identify the field of microbiology that studies the role of microorganisms in the
environment
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Microbes are responsible for breaking down organic material and recycling
nutrients
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Through public health research, scientists try to control the eh spread of
environmental microbes through sewage treatment, water purification, disinfection,
pasteurization, sterilization
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The fastest-growing fields in microbiology today are:

Biochemistry:

The study of metabolism, or processing of energy in cells

genetics:

The study of genome, or the to a DNA in an organism

molecular biology:

The study of how cells work at a molecular level
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Genes from one species are cut and pasted into
another species and expressed in that organism
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EMERGING DISEASE CASE STUDY:
Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease
• variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD) "mad cow disease" because most
humans with the condition acquired the pathogen from eating infected beef
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- disease starts with insomnia, depression, and confusion, but eventually it led
to uncontrollable emotional and verbal outbursts, inability to coordinate
movements, coma, and death
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01 | A Brief History of Microbiology



• vCJD occurs by abnormal folding of normal protein forming prions, found in brain
tissue of diseased animals
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Prions are not lie bacteria or viruses but ar abnormal proteins that turn to be
infectious
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The vCJD pathogen is primarily transmitted when a person or animal consumes
nervous tissue (brain)
...
Why is vCJD called variant?

Because there are variable forms of CJD having different origins and are not all
related
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3
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There are characteristic changes due to the prions that cause
the formation of tiny sponge like holes in brain tissue, indicating gradual
deterioration of the brain
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