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CH: 4 : POVERTY
MEANING: Poverty is a situation in which a person is unable to fulfill
the minimum requirements of life, like food, clothing, shelter,
education, health etc
...
RELATIVE POVERTY: It is a situation where one section of society
earns incomes for consumption distinctively below the average
incomes of the society
...
2
...
it is basically defined on the basis of
per capita monthly consumption expenditure
...
Poverty line
is determined on the basis of various parameters such as minimum
consumption expenditure, incomes and also the minimum calorie
intake
...
All individuals who intake calories below this
level in rural and urban areas respectively fall below the poverty line
and are regarded as poor
...
Example- Casual workers and landless workers
...
NEVER POOR: This category includes the non-poor who are always
above the poverty line
...
The poverty
ratio in India was above 50% at the time of independence which with
time went down to 45% in the 1970-71
...
2% in 2004-05 to 29
...
Poverty in India declined to a
record 22% in 2011-12
...
Poverty is quantitatively a big problem as the
number of poor is still massive
...
3 million, of which 216
...
According
to the release from the Planning Commission, 25
...
7% in urban areas
...
8% and 20
...
5%, respectively, in 2004-05
...
More than 90% of India’s rural poor live in 10
major states: Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Karnataka, MP, Maharashtra,
Odisha, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, UP and West Bengal
...
Against this the poverty ratio is
low in states like Gujarat, Kerala, Haryana, Punjab
...
In the rural sector, the major group of the poor consists of
landless agricultural labourers, small and marginal farmers, rural
artisans and backward classes and tribes
...
It is believed that the urban poverty is
an extension of rural poverty as the unemployed people in the rural
areas migrate to cities in search of jobs but land up doing low paid
jobs only and add up to the number of poor in the urban areas
...
RAPIDLY RISING POPULATION:
The population during the last 45 years has increased at the rate of
2
...
On average 17 million people are added every year
to its population which raises the demand for consumption goods
considerably
...
LOW PRODUCTIVITY IN AGRICULTURE:
The level of productivity in agriculture is low due to subdivided and
fragmented holdings, lack of capital, use of traditional methods of
cultivation, illiteracy etc
...
3
...
This brought a down fall in their
standard of living
...
LOW RATE OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT:
The rate of economic development in India has been below the
required level
...
The net result is
poverty
...
PRICE RISE:
The continuous and steep price rise (INFLATION) has added to the
miseries of poor
...
[4]
7
...
The job seeker is increasing in number at a higher rate than
the expansion in employment opportunities
...
SHORTAGE OF CAPITAL AND ABLE ENTREPRENEURSHIP:
Capital and able entrepreneurship have important role in accelerating
the growth
...
9
...
Laws of inheritance, caste system, traditions and
customs are putting hindrances in the way of faster development and
have aggravate" the problem of poverty
...
POLITICAL FACTORS:
The Britishers started lopsided development in India and reduced
Indian economy to a colonial state
...
In independent India, the development plans have been guided by
political interests
...
11
...
During the plans the larger proportion of
increased incomes have been cornered by the rich persons
...
[5]
MEASURES TO REDUCE POVERTY IN INDIA:
I) EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES
Poverty can be eliminated if the poor people are given the jobs
according to their needs and talents
...
Government can set up institutions which trains
them in some practices and skills
...
Moreover
this will transfer resources from the areas of surplus to the deficit
solving the problem of urbanization
...
They can also protect themselves from exploitation by the
greedy traders
...
There should be a
stability in the price level of the country
...
Rationing should be promoted so that the poor people get the
basic necessities if life at lower price level
...
This will make
developmental plans successful and the poor people will have a
greater share in the funds of the government
...
VII) UPLIFTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
Agriculture is the backbone of our country
...
Hence the government should also concentrate on
it and not only on the industries
...
POLICY REGARDING REDUCTION OF POVERTY
(POVERTY ALLEVIATION PROGRAMMES PAPs)
The Govt, of India took certain measures to reduce poverty, inequality
of income and wealth in its five year plan periods
...
1
...
The objective of the programme is to enable the selected families to
cross the poverty line through a strategy of productive assets
endowment
...
2
...
2
...
The basic objective of the programme was to generate
additional gainful employment in the rural areas to bring about a
general improvement in the overall quality of life in rural areas
...
RURAL LANDLESS EMPLOYMENT GUARANTEE PROGRAMME
(RLEGP):
The RLEGP was launched on 15 August 1983 to generate additional
employment in rural areas
...
4
...
To create 837 million
mandays of employment a sum of Rs
...
5
...
The main thrust of this scheme is on equipping rural young in the age
group of 18-35 years with necessary skills and technology to take up
vocations of self employment in the broad fields of agriculture and
allied industrial activities
...
DEVELOPMENT OF WOMEN AND CHILDREN
...
The object of the
programme is to improve the lot of rural women through the creation
of income generation activities in a district
...
DROUGHT PRONE AREA PROGRAMME:
DPAP was started in 1970-71 in the areas which are chronically
affected by the drought
...
8
...
The main objective of DDP was on
controlling further diversification of desert areas and raising the
productivity of local inhabitant
...
MINIMUM NEEDS PROGRAMME:
Keeping in view the basic notion of 'Garibi Hatao' and growth with
justice "minimum needs programme" was introduced in Fifth Five
Year Plan
...
10
...
These exchanges not
provide employment directly but are of great assistance in directing
the job-se to the possible areas of employment
...
EMPLOYMENT GUARANTEE SCHEME:
This Scheme has been launched in states, such as, Maharashtra, West
Bengal, Kerala, Rajasthan etc
...
[9]
12
...
Under agriculture extension
training programme, by 1994-9" employ opportunities to 16,000
persons were provided
...
EMPLOYMENT ASSURANCE SCHEME:
The Employment Assurance Scheme (was launched in 1994 in 1752
backward blocks in the country
...
14
...
In 1995-96 it generated
employment for 3
...
It provided employment to 2
...
15
...
This programme
at td provides employment to the urban poor
...
The central government will incur an
expenditure of Rs
...
It provided employment to 2
...
[10]
16
...
Integrated Rural
Development Programme (IRDP) and allied programmes as Training of
Rural Youth for Self Employment (TRYSEM), Development of Women
and Children in Rural Areas (DWCRA) and Million Wells Scheme
(MWS) have been restructured into a single self-employment
programme called the Swarnajayanti Gramya Swarozgar Yojana (SGSY)
from April 1999
...
THE SWARAN JAYANTI ROZGAR YOJANA:
This plan began on December 1, 1997 whereas launching of this
Yojana, previous programmes meant for providing employment to
urban employed like Nehru Rozgar Yojana and Prime Minister IntegraUrban Poverty Eradication Programme were merged into it
...
It comprises of two plans: (i) Urban Self-Employment Programme(USEP) and (ii) Ur Wage Employment Programme-(UWEP)
...
In year 1997-98, a sum of Rs
...
18
...
This Yojana has been
formulated to improve the quality of life of the rural poor by providing
the additional gainful employment
...
OTHER PROGRAMMES:
Govt, of India launched other employment and poverty alleviation
programmes as under:
(i) Pradhan Mantri Gramodaya Yojana (PMGY)
...
(iii) Pradhan Mantri Gramodaya Yojana-Rural Drinking Water Project
...
(v) Autyodya Anna Yojana
...
(vii) Valmiki Ambedkar Awas Yojana (VAMBAY)