Search for notes by fellow students, in your own course and all over the country.
Browse our notes for titles which look like what you need, you can preview any of the notes via a sample of the contents. After you're happy these are the notes you're after simply pop them into your shopping cart.
Title: Principles of Chemistry Chapter 2
Description: An outline of chapter 2 of an introductory chemistry course, including atomic structure and nomenclature with examples and an overview of how to do important calculations like finding ratios and empirical formulas. Grand Valley, Sasha Brookhouse, Chemistry 115, Principles of Chemistry
Description: An outline of chapter 2 of an introductory chemistry course, including atomic structure and nomenclature with examples and an overview of how to do important calculations like finding ratios and empirical formulas. Grand Valley, Sasha Brookhouse, Chemistry 115, Principles of Chemistry
Document Preview
Extracts from the notes are below, to see the PDF you'll receive please use the links above
UNIT
1
Chapter
2
2
...
C
...
c
o a
w a
a e
a 5 C
B
○ “All atter s omposed f mall, ndivisible articles”
m
i c
o s
i
p
★ Theory emained he ame ntil 807: OHN ALTON
r
t s
u 1
J
D
○ Created ore pecific ormulations bout rior tomic oncepts; ypotheses
m s
f
a
p a
c
2 h
■ Matter s omposed f mall articles: toms he mallest nit f n
i c
o s
p
A
= t s
u o a
element hat an articipate n hemical hange
...
o t e
(
● Atoms f n lement ave ifferent roperties han toms f ther
o a e
h
d
p
t
a
o o
elements
...
g
...
s
w
r
(
C 4 = 1 r
o C
● Atoms re either reated or estroyed uring hemical
a n
c
n d
d
a c
change, ut nly earranged o reate ew ubstances LAW F
b o r
t c
n s
(
O
CONSERVATION F ATTER)
...
s
p
( m
Example:
Compound as 4
...
96g
...
91
X h 1
o C & 2
H C
Y h 1
g C &
3
...
re hey he ame ompound?
H A t
t s
c
(14
...
96g H ) ÷ (19
...
34gH ) = , r :5 atio
...
t L o M
P
○ JOSEPH ROUST: AW F EFINITE ROPORTIONS
P
L
O D
P
■ When lements eact o orm ore han ompound, ixed ass f
2 e
r
t f
m t
1 c
a f
m o 1
element ill eact ith asses f he ther lement n mall
w r
w m
o t o
e
i s
wholenumber atios
...
2 inding tomic ubatomic tructure: ey xperiments
F
A
& S
S
K E
★ THOMSON’S athode ay ube
C
R T
○ What re toms omposed f?
a a
c
o
■
Beam ignificantly ropelled o ositive late, o toms ust ave
s
p
t p
p
s a
m h
a
negativelycharged ubatomic article
...
★ MILLIKAN’S il rop xperiment
O D E
○ What s he harge f n lectron?
i t c
o a e
■ Oil prayed nto Ray harged lates, harge easured y lectrically
s
o X
c
p
c
m
b e
charged rass late
b
p
■ All harges f il rops ere lways ultiple f pecific harge:
c
o o d
w a
a m
o a s
c
1
...
★ The LECTRON e − )
E
(
○ Subatomic article /1000th he ize f n tom
p
1
t s o a a
○ Chargetomass atio f 1
...
759 × 1011 ) = 9
...
6 × 10
○ Represented isually y nterpretations uch s HOMSON’S lum udding
v
b i
s
a T
P
P
Model r AGAOKA’S aturnian odel
...
p
s
p
s
a a
c
i n
★ RUTHERFORD’S old oil/ α Particle xperiment
G F
E
○ Where s he ositive ubatomic article?
i t p
s
p
■ Most articles ent traight hrough old oil, o he olume ccupied y
p
w s
t
g f s t v
o
b
an tom ust e n mpty pace
...
s
s
a
w d
f
t f
■ Nucleus ontains ROTONS, ositivelycharged articles hich alance
c
P
p
p
w
b
the egative harge f he lectron
...
H h 1 p
○ ISOTOPES
■ Atoms f he ame lement ith ifferent ass n xception o
o t s
e
w a d
m
a e
t
Dalton’s econd ypothesis all toms f lement ave he ame ass)
...
a
t s
a p
2
...
6605 × 10−4 g
○
Fundamental nit harge
U C
■ 1
...
0073 e −
1
AMU + 1
■ Neutron:
...
00055 e −
0
AMU 1
○ Atomic umber Z): p + e −
N
(
■ Number f rotons n n tom, lement dentified y his
o P
i a a
e
i
b t
■ For n tom o e eutral, he umber f rotons ust he umber f
a a
t b n
t n
o P
m = t n
o
Electrons
○ Atomic ass A): p + n
M (
■ Weight f he tom
o t a
■ Electrons o ot ave ignificant ass, o A = P rotons + N eutrons
d n h
a s
m
s
−
○ Atomic harge: p − e
C
■ A ositively harged tom/molecule s ation
p
c
a
i a C
■ A egatively harged tom/molecule s n nion
n
c
a
i a A
Example:
How any eutrons nd rotons re n latinum, nd hat s ts harge?
m
N
a P
a i P
a w i i c
Platinum: Z = 78 and A = 195
Platinum as n tomic umber f 8, o t as 8 rotons
...
inally, ts harge s 4, ince
a
s i h 1 N
F
i c
i + s
78 − 74 = 4
...
his auses hem o iffer n ass,
b a d
n
o n
T c
t
t d
i m
but ot hemical roperty
...
ractional
a n w
n
s
t
c
o a m o i
F
Abundance ust dd p o 00%
...
7% Mg ass s 3
...
13% Mg ass s 4
...
17% Mg ass s 5
...
787 × 23
...
1013 × 24
...
1117 × 25
...
31AMU
2
...
★ Structural ormula
F
○ Shows ow he toms re onnected y onds: OH
h t a
a c
b b
H
○ Isomers: ompounds ith he ame olecular ormula ut ifferent tructural
C
w t s
M
F
b d
S
Formula
...
) H O can roduce oth cetic cid nd ethyl ormate
...
s
r
o # o a
i a c
s
w
r
Can e he ame s olecular ormula, ut ot lways
...
E
F
i C M
F
i C6 6
★ Diatomics
○ H , , , , l , r ,
2 O2 N 2 F2 C 2 B 2 I2
○ H = 2H
2 /
2
...
) i, a, nd ll hiny, etallic, onduct lectricity same olumn)
L N a K = a s
m
& c
e
(
c
★ Periodic aw
L
○ The roperties f he lements re eriodic unctions f heir tomic
...
6 olecular onic ompounds
M
& I
C
★ The xchange f lectrons overns hemical ehavior; se eriodic able o redict
e
o e
g
c
b
u p
t
t p
charge f n on ccording o he ollowing ules:
o a i a
t t f
r
1
...
a
...
) roup : ose lectron, orm ation ith 1 harge
...
alcium: as 0
2 e
f
a c
w a + c
C
h 2
protons nd 0 lectrons, oses lectrons or otal f 0 rotons nd
a 2 e
l
2 e
f a t
o 2 p
a
18 lectrons, hich s he ame f lectrons s rgon, ecomes a2+
...
Nonmetals ain nough lectrons o ave he ame umber f lectrons s he
g e
e
t h
t s
n
o e
a t
next oble as
n
g
...
ex
...
b
B
★ Ionic onds: ntermolecular nteraction
B
I
I
○ Electrostatic nteraction attraction) etween ations nions n hich lectrons
i
(
b
c
& a
i w
e
are ransferred
...
t
a l o e
t b
t b
a
○ Solids o ot onduct lectricity, ut iquids re ood onductors f lectricity
d n c
e
b l
a g
c
o e
because t llows or ore obility f harge
...
0
■ ex
...
b 6 a i t
a 3 O t c
w b 6 w
b
t 0
★ Covalent onds: olecular onds
B
M
B
○ Electrons re hared equally r nequally) ecause f n ttraction etween he
a s
(
o u
b
o a a
b
t
positive uclei lectrons
...
a O a b n
2 a
s t c
i c
○ C aF 2 : Ca s etal nd s onmetal, o his s onic nd ation
...
N a H a b n
2 a
s t c
i c
2
...
P
h m o
a
t
w
○ Suffix Ate: as ore xygen toms han Ite, ut ess han er
h m o
a
t
b l t
P
○ Suffix Ite: as ess xygen toms han ate
h l o
a
t
○ Prefix ypo: as he east xygen
H
h t l
o
★ Ionic ompounds
C
○ Compounds ontaining onatomic ons tart ith he ame f he ation metal)
c
m
i
: S w t n
o t c
(
followed y he ame f he nion nonmetal) ith ts nding eplaced y he
b t n
o t a
(
w i e
r
b t
suffix ide
...
)
○ Compounds ith olyatomic ons ame s onatomic, ut sing ame uffix s
w p
i
:s
a m
b u
s
s
a
already resent
p
○ Compounds ontaining etal ith ariable harge pecify he harge sing
c
m
w a v
c
:S
t c
u
roman umerals
...
)
○
○
○
Covalent ompounds: ame f ore etallic lement irst, ollowed y he ess
C
N
o m m
e
f
f
b t l
metallic lement, sing refixes o esignate umber f toms
...
)
Binary cids: ompounds ontaining ydrogen, hich elease + hen n ater
...
aming: ydro ollowed y ame
H
+ 1 o
n
e
N
H
f
b n
of econd lement ith he uffix ic cid
...
) I(aq) s ydroiodic cid
...
ame
C
c
H
O
a 1 o
e
N
by mitting ydrogen nd tarting ith he ame f he nion
...
f
i
c
t A
a i t s s
i u
A
ex
...
35
...
58g Ca, 10
...
Divide oth y he mallest uantity:
b b t s
q
10
...
21gO = 1, 25
...
21gO = 2
...
Multiply o ind mallest holenumber atio: 2
...
13gC and 2
...
91gC and 3
...
13 ÷ 2
...
773 to 19
...
34 = 5
...
773 ÷ 5
...
80, or 4 : 5
s
q
b t l
★ How o etermine mpirical ormula rom ercentages:
t D
E
F
f
P
○ 88
...
2gO vs
...
9gCu and 20
...
8g × 1molCu/63
...
397molCu
(11
...
00gO) = 0
...
9g × 1molCu/63
...
257molCu
(20
...
00gO) = 1
...
397molCu/0
...
99 Cu
(0
...
700molO) = 1 O
(1
...
256molO) = 1 Cu
(1
...
256molO) = 1 O
○ If eeded, ound p o hole umber o ind he inal mpirical ormulas:
n
r
u t a w
n
t f t f e
f
C u 2 O vs
Title: Principles of Chemistry Chapter 2
Description: An outline of chapter 2 of an introductory chemistry course, including atomic structure and nomenclature with examples and an overview of how to do important calculations like finding ratios and empirical formulas. Grand Valley, Sasha Brookhouse, Chemistry 115, Principles of Chemistry
Description: An outline of chapter 2 of an introductory chemistry course, including atomic structure and nomenclature with examples and an overview of how to do important calculations like finding ratios and empirical formulas. Grand Valley, Sasha Brookhouse, Chemistry 115, Principles of Chemistry