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3/24/2016

NEUROANATOMY II
(THE SPINAL CORD)

THE DIV
...
ANATOMY
PHYSIOLOGY AND
PHARMACOLOGY, FVM-BAU

THE SPINAL CORD AND THE SPINAL NERVES

Medulla spinalis: CNS; Nervi spinales: PNS

THE ANATOMY OF THE SPINAL CORD
• Intumescentia cervicalis: plexus brachialis
• Intumescentia lumbalis: plexus lumbosacralis
• The event of ascensus medullae spinalis:
cauda equina, conus terminalis, filum
q
terminalis
• Meningen medulla spinalis
• The internal anatomy of the spinal cord

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VARIOUS SHAPES OF THE SPINAL CORD
Canine

Porcine

Bovine

Equine

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VARIOUS SHAPES OF THE SPINAL CORD & CAUDA
EQUINA

THE SPINAL CORD’S MENINGES
 THE NAMES OF THE MENINGES LAYERS
 duramater - outermost, fibrous tissue
 arachnoidea - fine, transparent, columnar net
 piamater
- innermost, thin, adheres to the spinal cord
 MENINGES SPACES: injection of anaesthetics or
aspiration of cerebrospinal fluid
 Cavum epidurale
- periosteum ~ duramater
 Cavum subdurale
- duramater ~ arachnoidea
 Cavum subarachnoidea - arachnoidea ~ piamater

Liquor cerebrospinalis, radix dorsalis, radix ventralis,
ligamentum denticulatum

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THE CROSS-SECTION
OF THE SPINAL CORD

IN-SITU

Subdural space
Subarachnoid space

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Cerebrospinal fluid aspiration

-Conus medullaris (4)
-Filum terminalis (5)
-Subarachnoidea space (8)
-Duramater (7)
-Epidurale space (6

The spinal cord in the vertebral canal & the
cauda equina

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THE INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF THE SPINAL CORD

 The central canal: contains cerebrospinal fluid
 Substantia grisea (grey matter) : the sensory and
motoric neuron cell bodies, efferent neuron dendrites,
unmyelinated axons of spinal neurons
 Substantia alba (white matter): afferent and efferent
myelinated neuron fibers
 Radix dorsalis – ganglion spinalis : afferent fibers
 Radix ventralis: efferent fibers (somato & visceromotoric)

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4

D

1

E

C
A

B

2

3

F

G

5

A
...
Substantia grisea
C
...
Funiculus dorsalis,
2
...
Funiculus ventralis, 4
...
Fissura mediana ventralis
D
...
Ganglion spinalis
F
...
Nervus spinalis

a
b

1

c

NUCLEI AND GANGLIA IN THE
SPINAL CORD
a
...
Intermediate column: visceromotoric (sympathetic) neurons
c
...
Spinal ganglion: sensory neuron

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SUBSTANSIA GRISEA
The part of the spinal cord that is grey, contains neuron
bodies and unmyelinated neuron fibers

• Dorsal horn

: neuron, afferent/sensory input

• Intermediate horn : sympathetic visceral efferent
neuron
• Ventral horn

: somatomotoric efferent neuron

• comissura

: the fiber that connects left and
right (movement/cross reflex)

The organization of neuron
bodies in the grey matter of
the spinal cord (A) and
medulla oblongata (B)
1
...
Visceral Afferent
3
...
Somatic Efferent
5
...
Ventral
6 V t l root
t
7
...
Sulcus limitans
9
...
Alar laminae

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SUBSTANTIA ALBA
The part of the spinal cord that is white and contains
myelinated neuron fibers
 funiculus dorsalis, lateralis, ventralis, commisura
 fasciculus (i), tractus (i)
• tracti ascendens : from the spinal cord to the
brain
• tracti descendens : from the brain to the spinal
cord
• short tracti

: between the segments of the
spinal cord

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TRACTI ASCENDENS DI MEDULLA SPINALIS
• Tractus spinothalamicus lateralis: exteroceptive –
temperature, pain in the skin, from the dorsal horn
to the thalamus
• Tractus spinothalamicus ventralis: exteroceptive
and proprioceptive– light touch on the skin,
pressure in joints/tendons/ligaments, from the
dorsal horn to the thalamus
• Funiculus gracilis and cuneatus: proprioceptive–
proprioceptive
vibration, two-point discrimination, body position,
from the spinal ganglia to the cerebral cortex
• Tractus spinocerebellaris dorsalis et ventralis:
involuntary proprioception, to the cerebellum

TRACTI DESCENDENS IN THE SPINAL CORD
• The pyramidal tract:
a
...
Tractus rubrospinalis – nucleus rubrum
cross  ventral horn, for body position
b
...
 the
ventral horn for coordination of flexor and
extensor muscles

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3

4

7

5
1

9

6
10
8

2

1,2
...
spinothalamicus lat & ventr
3,4
...
spinocerebellaris dors & ventr
7,8
...
corticospinalis lat & ventr
9
...
rubrospinalis
10
...
vestibulospinalis

Tracti ascendens
(sensory/afferent)
Tracti descendens
(motoric/efferent)

The Afferent Somatic Pathway :
the Lemniscus System The somatosensory
Lemniscus the
Through
pyramid to the
thalamus

axons2nd

area in the di
cortex/neopallium

axons 3rd

Regio:
somatotopy

Medial lemniscus

axons 1st

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The Visceral Efferent Pathway
(The Autonomic Nervous System)
System)

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THE STRUCTURE AND DISTRIBUTION OF
THE SPINAL NERVES

 the dorsal root (+ spinal ganglion)
and ventral root meet  spinal nerves
 the lateral vertebral foramen 
ramus dorsalis and ramus ventralis
 the number of spinal nerves: varies
between animals
b t
i l
 naming the spinal nerves

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dorsal root ganglia:
Neuron unipolar

Somatic
Afferent

Visceral
Efferent

Visceral
Afferent

Visceral
Afferent

Somatic
Efferent

Somatic, Visceral
Afferent, Efferent

THE NUMBER OF SPINAL NERVES IN MAN
AND IN ANIMALS
N
...
cervicalis

8

8

8

8

8

N
...
lumbalis

5

6

6

7

7

N
...
caudalis

1

5

5-6

6

5

Total

31

42

37-38

39

36

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Nervous system

The spinal nerve branches on the surface of a horse’s body

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The branches of the spinal nerves in the foreleg (the brachial
plexus) and hindleg (lumbosacral plexus) in the horse

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THE DISTRIBUTION OF SPINAL NERVES IN THE HORSE
1
...


Nervus cervicalis 2

3
...
cervicalis 3

4
...
cervicalis 4,5

5
...
cervicalis 6

6
...
cervicalis 7, 8

R
...
occipitalis: the back of the
neck, ears
...
ventral: the muscles at the base
of the neck
R
...
ventral (N
...
dorsal: dorsal muscles
R
...
long
...
etc
...
dorsal: cervical plexus +
N
...
3 and 6: neck muscles
R
...
C
...

R
...

R
...
C
...
ventral: diaphragm
...
ventral: brachial plexus

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Continued:
7
...
thoracalis 1 to 18
(N
...
)

8
...
lumbalis to
N l b li 1 t 6
Ramus dorsalis
Ramus ventral N
...
1
Ramus ventral N
...
2
Ramus ventral N
...
3

9
...


Ramus ventral N
...

4,5,6
, ,
Nn
...
S
...
coccygei 1,2,3,4,
and 5 (N
...
)

R
...
Transv
...
ventral: Nn
...
ventral N
...
1: brachial plexus
...
dorsal: l b and croup muscles
Rd
l lumbar d
l
R
...
ilio-hypogastricus
R
...
ilio-inguinalis
R
...
spermaticus externus
and plexus lumbosacralis
With a branch from N
...
3:
Lumbosacral plexus
p
R
...

R
...
pudendus dan
N
...
dorsal/ventral: the tail muscles and
skin

THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION
GOOD LUCK

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