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Microbiology
Tuesday, October 18, 2016

11:06 AM

1
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Nitrogen fixation:
i
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Theyre also important in other chemical cycles and decomposition
i
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Bacteria are important disease-causing & disease-treating organisms
a
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Anthrax, botulism, chlamydia, cholera, dysentery, food poisoning, gangrene,
gonorrhea, herpes, leprosy, lyme disease, strep throat, syphilis, tetanus,
tuberculosis, typhoid fever, ulcers
b
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Streptomycin, neomycin, tetracycline, vancomycin
3
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Food
i
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fermentation) to preserve food
ii
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Bioremediation and biotechnology:
c
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Firmicutes
i
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Often acid-loving (many produce lactic acid)
iii
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Lactobacillus involved in dairy fermentation
2
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Gram-negatives do not react with gram stain
ii
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Escherichia coli is model organism for studying biochemical processes
3
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Another gram-positive
ii
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Rods and filaments
iv
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Cyanobacteria
i
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Responsible for first O2 in atmosphere with good fossil record as algal mounds
Each group individually are monophyletic
Which lineage do you hypothesize "invented" photosynthesis?
Photosynthesis originated in cyanobacteria and later spread through other lineages
through lateral transfer
Domain Archaea
Archaeans (archaebacteria)
Newly discovered clade of bacteria
Not known to cause disease
Many are extremophiles
Heat: deep sea rifts and hot springs (>100 degrees celcuis)
Methane: intestines (produce methane gas), underground in gas pockets,
swamps
Salts: hypersaline waters
Enzymes that function at extreme temperatures and pressures are useful in
industrial processes
Taq polymerase enzyme used in polymerase chain reactions (PCR) from
extremophile eubacterian Thermus aquaticus)
Domain Eukarya
Very diverse group of organisms
Protists, algae, plants, fungi, animals
Larger sized ells
Some groups multicellular
More complicated reproductive life cycles
Often sexual
Diversity of feeding mechanisms
Photosynthetic autotrophs, heterotrophs (incl
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Nuclear membrane (nucleus)
2
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Meiosis
Protist Diversity
Paraphyletic group of eukaryotes
Once classified as "kingdom protoctista" or "protista"
1
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Animal-like protist (protozoans)
(i) Mobile, heterotrophic (zooplankton)
3
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corals)
Some are heterotrophic at same time
Some are bioluminescent (glow in the dark)
Some responsible for food poisoning and red tide
Can produce neurotoxins
Sexual and asexual phases
Dominated by haploid (n) stage
Can produce cysts during dormancy
Dinoflagellates living within coral skin allows corals to "photosynthesize"
Dinoflagellates life cycle is dominated by haploid phase
NOTE TO SELF: STUDY PICS OF EACH PROTISTS LIFE CYCLES AND APPEARANCES
Diatoms
Photosynthetic and unicellular (phytoplankton)
Most important aquatic primary producers
Glass (silica) test (shell)
Box and lid structure
Asexual and sexual phases
Dominated by diploid (2n) phase
Question!!!!! Which of the following features is not shared between diatoms and
dinoflagellates?
They are both primarily haploid (THIS IS FALSE)
Brown Algae
"Brown" seaweed (algae)
Marine
Photosynthetic
Attached to substrate (sea floor, rocks)
Multicellular
Some organ-like structure
Holdfast, stalk, blades
Air bladders for floating
BIOL 197 Page 3

Air bladders for floating
Kelp forest and sargassum
Alternation of generations
Lifecycle involving alternation of multicellular haploi phase (gametophyte) with a
multicellular diploid phase (sporophyte)
1n gametophyte: grows from spores and produces gametes
2n sporophyte grows from fused gametes and produces spores
Sometimes 1n and 2n look identical; sometimes different
Typical life cycle in plants and seaweeds
(lifecycle process is an animation on d2l)
Amoebozoa
Amoeboid motion using pseudopodia
Heterotrophic protozoans
Feed by engulfing prey (phagocytosis)
Primarily live in freshwater and moist terrestrial habitats
Some are disease-causing parasites on animals
Importance of protists
Diseases
Malaria, crop diseases, amoeboid dysentery
Malaria is the world's most important parasitic disease
Malaria is caused by protists plasmodium
GI disorder (giardiasis) cause by protist giardia
Algal blooms
Red tide and shellfish toxins caused by dinoflagellate blooms
Primary productivity
Hald of all productivity occurs by photosynthetic protists (diatoms and other
phytoplankton)
Eaten by zooplankton and decomposed by other protists
Important part of aquatix food chains
Ecosystens
Check powerpoint

BIOL 197 Page 4



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