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Title: Cells
Description: Notes are taken from a Biol 197 lecture course. Notes are on cells.
Description: Notes are taken from a Biol 197 lecture course. Notes are on cells.
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Cells
Tuesday, October 11, 2016
11:03 AM
Definition
The basic unit of an organism's structure and function
All organisms are composed of cells
Membrane - surrounds cells
Organelles - membrane-bound structures
Nucleus - houses DNA
Mitochondrion - respiratory (energy) functions
Chloroplast - photosynthetic functions
Prokaryotic Cell
Unicellular
Small
1-5 µm
No organelles
"Bacteria"
Eukaryotic Cells
Unicellular and multicellular
Larger
10-100 µm
Membrane bound organelles
Nucleus
Mitochondrion
Chloroplast
"protists", "algae", plants, fungi, and animals
BIOL 197 Page 1
Prokaryotic Reproduction
Asexual reproduction (fission)
Most bacteria (and many eukaryotes, too)
Produces clones through mitosis
Genetically identical, except for mutation
Lateral (horizontal/vertical) Gene Transfer
Movement of DNA between distantly related species
Bacteria have "leaky" membranes
Eukaryotic Reproduction (genetic recombination)
Most animals, fungi, and some plants and protists
Meiosis (usually) produces gametes, which fuse during fertilization to produce a zygote
Gametes are haploid (1N); zygotes (& adults) are diploid (2N)
Meiosis always goes 2N ---> 1N!!
CHECK NOTEBOOK FOR DIAGRAM
Offspring inherit two sets of genetic information
Animals: sperm and eggs
Plants: spores, pollen, and seeds (which produce sperm and eggs)
Fungi and some algae: spores
Females: Gametes produced in ovary
Males: Gametes produced in testis
Feeding & Metabolic Diversity
The success of prokaryotes is linked to their tremendous metabolic (chemical) diversity:
Source of energy (ATP):
Light
Organic Molecules (esp
...
CH4, CO2, H2S)
Source of Carbon:
Autotrophic: Acquire from inorganic carbon (CO2)
Heterotrophic: Eat other organisms
BIOL 197 Page 2
Heterotrophic: Eat other organisms
Bacterial can do all six combinations
Eukaryotes can only do two:
1
...
Organic-molecule-based heterotrophy: Respiration
Heterotrophic bacteria feed by absorbing nutrients (sugars & proteins) across their cell
membranes
The three domains of life
Prokaryotes
Lack membrane-bound nucleus and organelles
Generally small and asexual
Distinguished by variation in cell membrane proteins
Diversity of morphology and metabolisms
1
...
Doman Eubacteria (bacteria)
Eukaryotes
Membrane-bound nucleus and organelles
Generally larger and sexual
3
...
(it is paraphyletic)
Introduction to Bacteria
Microbiology is the study of microbes (microscopic organisms)
Most bacteria have not been named nor described
Only 13,000 strains (species) of eubacterians and archaens have been described
At least 4 million strains likely exist
BIOL 197 Page 3
Title: Cells
Description: Notes are taken from a Biol 197 lecture course. Notes are on cells.
Description: Notes are taken from a Biol 197 lecture course. Notes are on cells.