Notesale: Turn your study into money

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J
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Varuna Priyanka

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 The first use of the word "computer" was recorded in 1613, referring to a

person who carried out calculations, or computations, and the word
continued with the same meaning until the middle of the 20th century
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 The history of the modern computer begins with two separate technologies,
 automated calculation and

 Programmability
 But no single device can be identified as the earliest computer, partly

because of the inconsistent application of that term
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Following its release in
the early 1950s the transistor revolutionized the field
of electronics, and paved the way for smaller and
cheaper radios, calculators, and computers, among
From other things
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[8] Solid State Physics Group
leader William Shockley saw the potential in this, and over the next
few months worked to greatly expand the knowledge of
semiconductors
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Pierce as a
portmanteau of the term "transfer resistor"
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 More precisely, a microprocessor is a single-chip central
processing unit (CPU) for a programmable computer
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 Compared to the CPU, the other parts of a computer are
relatively “dumb” and require detailed attention from the
CPU in order to function properly in the computer system
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 In special-purpose computers, like calculators, personal data
assistants (PDAs), and game computers
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 Ex
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Modern cars
often contain 20 or more microprocessors
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 The Intel 4004 (1971) was the first microprocessor:
 originally developed for a desktop calculator product
 contained 2300 transistors
 occupied a silicon area of 12 mm2
 implemented in 10 µm PMOS semiconductor technology
 data bus was 4 bits wide
 640 bytes of data could be addressed
 system clock run at a frequency of 108 KHz
 could perform roughly 60000 operations per second

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Intel 4004
Was Intel's first
microprocessor
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It had a total of 16
pins
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4 million transistors
 silicon chip area exceeds 300 mm2
 180 nm CMOS semiconductor technology

 6 layers of metal interconnections
 1012 chip pad connections
 64-bit data bus; 64-bit address bus; 64-bit registers
 memory space of over 18 terabytes (264 = 18
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 system clock frequency of at least 800 MHz
 peak performance of 3
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Pentium 4
42 million transistors and
circuit lines of 0
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Intel's first microprocessor,
the 4004, ran at 108
kilohertz
(108,000 hertz), compared
to the Pentium 4 processor's
initial speed of 1
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5 billion hertz)
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 The main advantages of the microprocessor:
 Programmability: Sophisticated functions can be provided






relatively easily in software
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Cost-effectiveness: Microprocessors, because they are multipurpose, are manufactured in large quantities, which tends to
minimize their unit cost
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Microprocessors have no moving parts
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Central Processing Unit

Input
Devices

ArithmeticControl
Logic
Unit
ProcessingUnit
Data into
Information
Primary Storage
Unit

Keyboard
Mouse
Touch Screen
Voice
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 The memory system usually consists of Read Only Memory
(ROM) for boot information, and Random Access Memory
(RAM) organized in a hierarchy of main memory and
multilevel cache memory
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 The main memory, typically DDR SDRAM, is accessible
over the system bus as well, but level 2 cache (embedded
SRAM) offers higher access speed
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 Memory access rate varies according to the memory
hierarchy from 1 cycle access rate to registers and level 1
cache, to 10 cycles access rate to level 2 cache, up to 50
cycles access rate to main memory
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 Computers based on a CPU with a complex instruction

set known as CISC (Complex Instruction Set
Computer) microprocessor
 Intel
 A RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer) has

limited set of instructions that it can perform quickly
 AMD

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 A programmable processor whose programming interface is

not accessible to the end-user of the product
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 Examples:
 Sharp PDA’s are encapsulated products with fixed
functionality
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Opening up the programmers interface turned
them into more generic computer systems
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Numerous features are provided to satisfy a wide
variety of users
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They will execute exactly
what is in the program, and have no “common sense” or
“intuition” about what the designer intended the
program to do
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 A “microcomputer” is a computer system that has been built

around a microprocessor chip
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 The EE380 lab microcomputer system contains the Motorola
MC68332 microcontroller chip
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g
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g
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:
 4004 (1971), 8008 (‘72), 8080 (‘74)
 x86 family: 8086 (‘78), 8088 (‘79), 80186 (‘82), 80286 (‘82), 80386

(‘85), 80486 (‘89), Pentium (‘93), Pentium II (‘97), Pentium III (‘99),
Pentium 4 (2000), Xeon (2001)
 IA-64 family: Itanium (2000),
 Motorola, Inc
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“Upward compatibility” is an
important strategy for building customer loyalty

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