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EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE AND
SELFEFFICACY AS PREDICTORS OF
OCCUPATIONAL STRESS

TABLE OF CONTENT
CHAPTER ONE: Introduction

CHAPTER TWO: Theoretical Framework and Literature Review

CHAPTER THREE: Methodology

REFERENCES

2

EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE AND SELFEFFICACY AS PREDICTORS OF
OCCUPATIONAL STRESS
CHAPTER ONE
1
...

Although there may be other peripheral objectives, emphasis is placed
on the achievement of good productivity
...
They
constitute the oil that lubricates the factors of production as a whole
...

However, studies (Cooper and Cartwright, 1994, Kinman, 1998,
Spielberger & Rehieser, 1994) have identified, among other things
occupational stress as one of the cardinal mitigating factors against
employee well-being and effective performance
...
It is a
generalized non-specific response of the body to any demand made on
it
...

Occupational stress is pervasive and invasive
...
In
1992 the United Nations (Akinboye, et al,, 2002) describes “job
stress” as the twentieth century disease
...

In further corroboration of this scenario, Winfield (2000)
indicated that the prevalence of occupational stress among workers
from across the globe is alarmingly widespread and increasing
...
In addition, 80% believed
that their workload had increased and become more stressful in recent
years
...

A national survey conducted in the United States of America
(USA) indicated that the proportion of workers who reported feeling
highly stressed had more than doubled between 1985 and 1990
(Spielberger and Reheiser, 1994)
...


4

The financial costs of occupational stress to organizations and
industry are well documented
...
Job stress can have a wide-ranging and
negative impact on the well-being of the individual and his or her dayto-day functioning
...
g
...
g
...
g
...
g
...

Many organizations are experiencing radical transformations as
a result of the need to realign their strategies and structures in
response to the rapidly changing and highly demanding work
environment
...

Stress has now become an area of concern for all types of
occupations (civil servants inclusive)
...
It has been argued
that workers that are involved in high levels of personal interaction,
such as nurses and teachers, are more vulnerable to occupational
stress and professional ‘burnout” than those in product-oriented
organizations; this belief has been strongly supported by several
5

studies
...

Numerous studies have identified emotional intelligence and
self-efficacy as critical psychological factors in the behavior of
individual workers in organizations
...
EI started
its journey to prominence in 1920 when Thorndike (Thorndike, 1920)
formulated the concept of “social intelligence”
...
Three clusters of intelligences have been identified
...


1
...
It is an

investment good because it enables people to engage in production
process effectively and consumption because it enables people to
enjoy life to its full extent (without pain)
...
Conversely poverty
leads to poor living conditions, malnutrition, leading to ill-health
...


1
...

In summary, the present study will investigate the interactive
and relative effects of emotional intelligence and self-efficacy on
occupational stress of among civil servants
...
3

Research Questions
The following research questions will be posed and investigated

in the study:
· What are the combined effects of emotional intelligence and
self-efficacy on occupational stress among civil servants?
· What is the relative contribution of emotional intelligence and
self-efficacy to occupational stress among civil servants?
· Is there any influence of demographic factors on occupational
stress among civil servants?

7

1
...
This can be achieved only when
workers in both private and public sectors are in good health and the
government is committed to provide necessary incentives and
condition of service that could compel its workforce to give
exemplary services to the people
...


8

CHAPTER TWO
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK AND
LITERATURE REVIEW
2
...
1

Theories of Stress
Theories that focus on the specific relationship between external

demands (stressors) and bodily processes (stress) can be grouped in
two different categories: approaches to `systemic stresses based in
physiology and psychobiology (among others, Selye 1976) and
approaches to `psychological stress' developed within the field of
cognitive psychology (Lazarus 1966, 1991, Lazarus and Folkman
1984, McGrath 1982)
...
1
...
In a
series of animal studies he observed that a variety of stimulus events
(e
...
, heat, cold, toxic agents) applied intensely and long enough are
capable of producing common effects, meaning not specific to either
stimulus event
...
) According to
9

Selye,

these

nonspecifically

caused

changes

constitute

the

stereotypical, i
...
, specific, response pattern of systemic stress
...
64) defines this stress as `a state manifested by a syndrome
which consists of all the nonspecifically induced changes in a biologic
system
...

(a) The alarm reaction comprises an initial shock phase and a
subsequent counter shock phase
...
The counter shock phase marks the initial operation of
defensive processes and is characterized by increased adrenocortical
activity
...
In this stage, the symptoms of the alarm reaction
disappear, which seemingly indicates the organism's adaptation to the
stressor
...

(c) If the aversive stimulation persists, resistance gives way to
the stage of exhaustion
...
Irreversible tissue damages appear,
and, if the stimulation persists, the organism dies
...

First of all, Selye's conception of stress as a reaction to a multitude of
different events had the fatal consequence that the stress concept
became the melting pot for all kinds of approaches
...
Engel 1985)
...
One
criticism was directed at the theory's core assumption of a nonspecific
causation of the GAS
...

Thus, the animal's state could be described in terms of helplessness,
uncertainty, and lack of control
...
In accordance with this assumption,
Mason (1975b) demonstrated that in experiments where uncertainty
had been eliminated no GAS was observed
...
Arnold 1960, Janis
1958, Lazarus 1966, 1974)
...
In addition, Selye does not take into account coping
mechanisms

as

important

mediators

of

the

stress–outcome

relationship
...

A derivative of the systemic approach is the research on critical
life events
...
The authors assumed that critical life events, regardless of
their specific (e
...
, positive or negative) quality, stimulate change that
produces challenge to the organism
...


2
...
2 Psychological Stress: The Lazarus Theory
Two concepts are central to any psychological stress theory:
appraisal, i
...
, individuals' evaluation of the significance of what is
happening for their well-being, and coping, i
...
, individuals' efforts in
thought and action to manage specific demands (cf
...

Since its first presentation as a comprehensive theory (Lazarus 1966),
the Lazarus stress theory has undergone several essential revisions (cf
...
In the latest version (see Lazarus 1991), stress is regarded as a
12

relational concept, i
...
, stress is not defined as a specific kind of
external stimulation nor a specific pattern of physiological,
behavioral, or subjective reactions
...

`Psychological stress refers to a relationship with the
environment that the person appraises as significant for his or her
wellbeing and in which the demands tax or exceed available coping
resources' (Lazarus and Folkman 1986, p
...
This definition points
to two processes as central mediators within the person–environment
transaction: cognitive appraisal and coping
...
This concept is based on
the idea that emotional processes (including stress) are dependent on
actual expectancies that persons manifest with regard to the
significance and outcome of a specific encounter
...
It is generally assumed that the
resulting state is generated, maintained, and eventually altered by a
specific pattern of appraisals
...
The most important
factors on the personal side are motivational dispositions, goals,
13

values, and generalized expectancies
...

In his monograph on emotion and adaptation, Lazarus (1991)
developed a comprehensive emotion theory that also includes a stress
theory (cf
...
This theory distinguishes two basic forms
of appraisal, primary and secondary appraisal (see also Lazarus 1966)
...
Primary
appraisal concerns whether something of relevance to the individual's
well-being occurs, whereas secondary appraisal concerns coping
options
...
Goal congruence defines the
extent to which an episode proceeds in accordance with personal
goals
...
Likewise, three secondary appraisal components are
distinguished: blame or credit results from an individual's appraisal of
who is responsible for a certain event
...
Future expectations refer to the

14

appraisal of the further course of an encounter with respect to goal
congruence or incongruence
...
Three types are distinguished: harm, threat,
and challenge (Lazarus and Folkman 1984)
...
Threat is
the anticipation of harm that may be imminent
...
These
different kinds of psychological stress are embedded in specific types
of emotional reactions, thus illustrating the close conjunction of the
fields of stress and emotions
...
Nine of these
are negative (anger, fright, anxiety, guilt, shame, sadness, envy,
jealousy, and disgust), whereas four are positive (happiness, pride,
relief, and love)
...
) At a molecular level of analysis, the anxiety reaction,
for example, is based on the following pattern of primary and
secondary appraisals: there must be some goal relevance to the
encounter
...
e
...

Finally, ego- involvement concentrates on the protection of
personal meaning or ego- identity against existential threats
...

15

The theme of anxiety, for example, is the confrontation with
uncertainty and existential threat
...


2
...
Building on the work of Thorndike,
Gardener (1983) developed the theory of multiple intelligences,
wherein he classified intelligence into two namely categories:
interpersonal

and

intrapersonal

intelligences
...
He identified teachers, politicians, salespersons, clinicians
and religious leaders as individuals who are likely to have a high
degree of interpersonal intelligence
...
It is a capacity to form a veridical
model of oneself and to be able to use that model to operate
effectively in life
...
189)
...
This definition succeeds not only in clearing
the ambiguity inherent in the previous definition; it also is able to
carve a distinct image for the construct of emotional intelligence
...
Goleman’s explanation of the construct was based on
Salovey and Mayer’s (1990) original theory
...
Elaborating further on the construct,
Goleman (1998) explained that an individual’s emotional intelligence
can affect one’s work situation
...

Goleman, Boyatzis and Mckee (2002) assert that the effective
use of emotion is basic to the function of successful leadership
...
Leaders exercise this influence through
relationship management, motivational appeal, and goal-setting, and
17

the leader’s emotional intelligence is necessary to effectively perform
these efforts
...
In this model emotional-social
intelligence is a cross section of inter-related emotional and social
competencies, skills, and factors that determine how effectively we
understand and express ourselves, understand others and relate with
them and cope with daily demands
...
Based on Baron’s model, to be
emotionally and socially intelligent is to effectively understand and
express oneself, to understand and relate well with others, and to
successfully cope with daily demands, challenges and pressures
...
On the interpersonal level,
18

being emotionally and socially intelligent encompasses the ability to
be aware of other’s emotions, feelings and needs and to establish and
maintain

cooperative,

constructive

and

mutually

satisfying

relationships
...

Emotional

intelligence

has

been

found

to

impact

on

psychological health-particularly occupational stress (Ciarrochi, Chan
& Bajgar, 2001)
...
They opine that an objective measure of emotion
management skill is associated with a tendency to maintain an
experimentally induced positive mood which has obvious implication
for preventing stress
...
3

Self-Efficacy Theory
Self-Efficacy is defined as a person’s belief about their ability

to organize and execute courses of action necessary to achieve a
goal
...
Beliefs about selfefficacy have a significant impact on our goals and accomplishments
by influencing personal choice, motivation, and our patterns and
emotional reactions
...
Perceived selfefficacy also affects how successfully goals are accomplished by
influencing the level of effort and persistence a person will
demonstrate in the face of obstacles
...
Higher selfefficacy is also associated with more persistence, a trait that allows
us to gain corrective experiences that reinforce our sense of selfefficacy
...
For
example, high self-efficacy influences whether or not a person
commits to condom use in the face of social obstacles
...
These experiences
form expectations that are generalized to other situations that may be
similar or substantially different from the original experience
...
We can increase personal mastery for a behavior
through participant modeling, performance exposure, self-instructed
performances, and performance desensitization, the process through

20

which aversive behavior is paired with a pleasant or relaxing
experience
...
Vicarious experience can be
enhanced through live modeling (observing others perform an
activity), or symbolic modeling
...
People are led to believe they can successfully
accomplish a task or behavior through the use of suggestion,
exhortation, or self-instruction
...

4) Emotional arousal
...
Emotional arousal
can be mitigated with repeated symbolic exposure that allows people
to practice dealing with stress, relaxation techniques, and symbolic
desensitization (the process through which symbolic representation of
stressors are paired with a relaxing or pleasant experience)
...
4

LITERATURE REVIEW

2
...
1 Emotional Intelligence in the Workplace
As previously discussed, advanced emotional intelligence can be
beneficial in many areas of life
...
Cherniss (2000) outlines four main reasons why the
workplace would be a logical setting for evaluating and improving
emotional intelligence competencies:
1
...

2
...

3
...

4
...

A strong interest in the professional applications of emotional
intelligence is apparent in the way organizations have embraced E
...

ideas
...
As previously noted, considerable
research in the emotional intelligence field has focused on leadership,
22

a fundamental workplace quality
...
I
...
This result is not surprising given that
many researchers have argued that effective leadership fundamentally
depends upon the leader's ability to solve the complex social problems
which can arise in organizations (Mumford, Zaccaro, Harding, Jacobs,
& Fleishman, 2000)
...
Several studies have reported
the economic value of hiring staff based on emotional intelligence
...
By selecting those individuals who scored highest in
emotional intelligence as recruiters, they increased their ability to
select successful recruiters by threefold and saved $3 million
annually
...
I
...
2 million more profit than did other
partners
...
, (2007) with nursing
students have shown that emotional intelligence is a skill that
minimizes the negative stress consequences
...

The results indicated positive correlations between clarity and social
support, social support and repair, and social support and mental
health
...
These results show the
importance of PEI in stress coping within the nursing framework
...
, (2008) has conducted a survey to gain some
understanding of the explanatory factors for stress and an evaluation
of the role that emotional intelligence (EI) plays in the experience of
perceived stress (PS)
...
The Survey
was conducted on 43 male and 55 female students, Results of
Correlation analysis between EI and PS indicated a statistically
significant inverse relationship between EI and PS
...
The t statistic indicates that EI is relatively the
24

most important predictor of PS
...

Self-efficacy is another independent variable whose contribution
to occupational stress will be investigated in the present work
...
A strong self-efficacy enhances human
accomplishment and personal well-being in many ways; people with
high assurance in their capabilities approach difficult tasks as
challenges to be measured rather than as threats to be avoided
...
Such an efficacious outlook produces personal
accomplishment, reduces stress and lowers vulnerability to depression
(Multon, Brown and Lent, 1991; Pajare, 1996, 1997; Bandura, 2000)
...
They have low
aspirations and weak commitment to the goals they choose to pursue
...
They slacken their efforts and give up quickly in the face
of difficulties; they fall easily to stress and depression
...

Since Bandura (Bandura, 1977) introduced the concept of selfefficacy over a quarter century ago, it has been widely tested in varied
disciplines and settings and has received support from a growing body
of findings from diverse fields
...
With
reference to the civil service setting, self-efficacy has been found to
positively correlate with job performance
...

Several studies have also established that workers with a strong
sense of efficacy tend to exhibit greater levels of planning,
organization, and enthusiasm
...
They tend to
be less critical with their subordinates and co-workers and “work
longer with workers who is struggling” (Ashton and Webb, 1986;
Coladarchi, 1992, Gibson and Dembo, 1984; Tschanhen–Moran and
Woolfolk 2001)
...
4
...
Thus, it has been found that trait or ability EI are
related to life success (Bar-On, 2001), life satisfaction and well-being
(Palmer, Donaldson, & Stough, 2002), interpersonal relationships
(Fitness, 2001), occupational stress (Nikolaou & Tsaousis, 2002;
Slaski & Cartwright, 2002), work success and performance (Vakola,
Tsaousis & Nikolaou, 2004), leadership (Palmer, Walls, Bergess, &
Stough, 2000), etc
...
For example, it has been
claimed that negative emotional states are associated with unhealthy
patterns of physiological functioning, whereas positive emotional
states are associated with healthier patterns of responding in both
cardiovascular activity and immune system (Herbert & Cohen, 1993)
...

Furthermore, extended research in the field of health psychology has
demonstrated the effect of negative mood or unpleasant emotional
experiences on a number of habits or behaviors that have been
accused for unhealthy conditions, such as smoking (e
...
Brandon,
1994) and drinking (e
...
Cooper, Frone, Russell & Mudar, 1995)
...

In another study, Salovey, Bedell, Detweiler, and Mayer (1999)
reported that individuals who can regulate their emotional states are
healthier because they “accurately perceive and appraise their
emotional states, know how and when to express their feelings, and
can effectively regulate their mood states”
...
Indeed, Taylor (2001) argues
that if you are emotionally intelligent then you can cope better with
life’s challenges and control our emotions more effectively, both of
which contribute to good psychological and physical health
...
460)
...
He suggests that a
way of coping for people who are low on this dimension is through
28

smoking, drinking, and eating fatty foods, which can also lead to long
term health damage
...
In
another interesting study, Ciarroch, Deane, and Anderson (2002)
identified the moderating role of EI in the relationship between stress
and a number of measures of psychological health, such as
depression, hopelessness and suicidal ideation among young people
...

Dulewicz, Higgs, and Slaski (2003), using a relatively small
sample of retail managers, examined the role that variables such as
stress, distress, morale and poor quality of working life play in
everyday life
...

2
...
3 Occupational Stress
Kyriacou & Sutcliffe (1978) defined occupational stress as
experience of unpleasant emotions, such as tension, frustration,
anxiety, anger, and depression
...
g
...
But some
researchers draw a distinction between stress and psychological
distress (e
...
, Quick, Murphy, & Hurrell, 1992)
...
Employers and governments have had increasing concern about
occupational stress for over twenty years (Le Fevre, Matheny, and
Kort, 2003)
...
Modern trends such as
organizational downsizing, competition for funding, and high demand
jobs have led to rising occupational stress (Dollard, 2003)
...
One study in the United States revealed that 54 percent of
absence from work is estimated to be stress related (Elkin & Rosch,
1990)
...

Unmanaged stress for employees can result in short-and-long term
negative

health

effects

including

exhaustion,

physical

pain,

depression, sleep disturbances, and even death (Brock & Grady, 2002;
Le Fevre, Matheny, & Kort, 2003)
...
4
...
e
...
e
...
Specifically, Bar-On’s (1997) model
of emotional-social intelligence posits that the level of emotional
intelligence will increase individuals’ competencies and this may help
them to decrease external demands and pressures, as well as increase
human well-being
...
Goleman’s

(1998,

2003) emotional

intelligence stresses that the level of emotional intelligence will
increase individuals’ competencies and this may help them to
decrease environmental strains and increase leadership effectiveness
31

in organizations
...
As a result, it may lead to higher positive personal
outcomes, such as job satisfaction at the workplace (Guleryuz et al
...
, 2006)
...
For example, several studies used an indirect
effects model to examine the workplace stress based on different
samples, such as 146 adult mix sample (Thiebaut et al
...
, 2006), 267 nurses working at different
departments in Nursing Services Administration (Guleryuz et al
...
These studies found that the level of physiological
and psychological stresses did not decrease job satisfaction if
employees could properly manage their emotions and other employee
emotions in the organizations (Guleryuz et al
...
, 2006; Quoidah & Hansenne, 2009;
Thiebaut et al
...


32

2
...
Civil servants with low self-efficacy will significantly report more
occupational stress than those with high self-efficacy
...
Civil servants with low emotional intelligence will significantly
report more occupational stress than those with high emotional
intelligence
...
There will be significant main and interactive effect of self
efficacy and emotional intelligence on occupational stress among
civil servants in Oyo state
...
There will significantly joint and independent influence of
demographic factors on occupational stress among civil servants in
Oyo state
...
6

OPERATIONAL DEFINITION OF TERMS

Occupational

stress:

Kyriacou

&

Sutcliffe

(1978)

defined

occupational stress as experience of unpleasant emotions, such as
tension, frustration, anxiety, anger, and depression
...


33

Self-Efficacy is defined as a person’s belief about their ability to
organize and execute courses of action necessary to achieve a goal
...

Emotional Intelligence, or EI, describes an ability or capacity to
perceive, assess, and manage the emotions of one's self, and of
others
...


Emotions have the potential to get in the

way of our most important business and personal relationships
...
1

Research Design
The ex-post-facto design was adopted in this study
...
In this study, the independent variables are
self-efficacy and emotional intelligence, while the dependent variable
is occupational stress
...
2

Participants
The population of this study comprised of workers of different

departments in Oyo State Secretariat, Ibadan, Nigeria
...
The subjects
were made up both males and females of different job status
...
This includes the male
and female civil servants
...
8%), female 111
(57
...
For job status: Junior 56 (28
...
2%) and
management, 25 (12
...
For marital status, single 69 (35
...
4%) and divorced, 4 (2
...
In terms of educational
attainment: secondary 28 (14
...
5%), Masters 21 (10
...
2%)
...
53 years and standard deviation
35

of 10
...
Their years of work experience ranged between 1 and 35
years with a mean of 8
...

3
...
The participants showed great
willingness to supply every necessary information required in the
questionnaire
...
This is
because they all had an equal term of being selected for the study
...
Based on this, an
inference will be drawn and generalization will be made on the
population of the study
...
3

Instrumentation

Four instruments were utilized in this study and divided into sections
(A, B, C & D)
...


36

Section B: General Perceived Self-efficacy Scale (G
...
S
...
)
The general perceived self-efficacy scale (G
...
S
...
) developed
by Schwarzer and Jerusalem (1995) assesses a self-efficacy based on
general personality disposition
...
The GPSS has demonstrated high internal
consistencies with Cronbach α ranging from
...
90 (Schwarzer
and Jerusalem, 1995)
...
Participants respond by indicating their
agreement to each of the 30 statements using a five-point scale
ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree)
...
87 to 0
...
78 (Schutte et al, 1998)
...

37

Participants respond by indicating their level of agreeableness to each
of the 25-item statements using a two-point scale 1 representing Yes,
and 0 representing No
...
79 to 0
...
The scale also has
a test-retest reliability coefficient of 0
...

3
...
Each of the various departments was visited by first
intimating their head about the research work
...

3
...


38

References
Akinboye, J
...
, Akinboye, D
...
& Adeyemo, D
...
(2002)
...
Stirlin-Horden Publishers
(Nig
...

Ashton, P
...
& Webb, R
...
(1986)
...
New York: Longman
...
T
...
B
...
Teachers’ Sense of Efficacy,
Classroom Behavior, and Student Achievement
...
125-144)
...

Awopegba, P
...
(2001)
...
Nigerian Journal of Clinical and
Counseling Psychology 7, 2, 135-156
...
(1977)
...
Psychological Review, 84, 191-215
...
(1998)
...
S
...
)
Encyclopedia of Human Behavior (Vol
...
New York:
Academic Press (Reprinted in H
...
) Encyclopedia of
Mental Health
...

Bandura, A
...
“Cultivate Self-efficacy for Personal and
Organizational Effectiveness”
...
A
...
), Handbook of
39

Principles of Organization Behavior (pp
...
Oxford U
...

Balckwell
...
(2003)
...

Perspectives in Education, 21, 4, 3-13
...
(2005)
...
in P
...
Extremera (Guest
Editors)
...
Psichotema, 17
...
Chan, A
...
(2001)
...


Personality

and

Individual

Differences, 28, 539-561
...
Chan, A
...
(2000)
...
Personality and Individual
Differences Vol
...
539-561
...
W
...
T
...
“Self-efficacy Expectancies
Versus Outcome Expectancies as Determinants of Performance
Deficits and Depressive Effect”
...

Gardner, H
...
Frame of Mind: The theory of multiple
intelligences
...


40

Goldenburg, G
...
& Waddell, J
...
“Occupational Stress and
Coping Strategies Amongst Female Baccalaureate Nursing
Teachers”
...

Goleman, D
...
Emotional Intelligence
...

Goleman, D
...
Working with Emotional Intelligence
...

Graham, S
...
(1996)
...
In D
...
Berliner & R
...
Calfee (Eds
...
63-84)
...

Hochschild, A
...
(1983)
...
Berkley, C
...
: University of California Press
...
& Mittag, W
...
“Self-efficacy in Stressful Life
Transitions”
...
Bandura (Ed
...
177-201)
...

Mayer, J
...
& Salovey, P
...
“What is Emotional Intelligence?”
In P
...
Sluyter (Eds
...
3-31)
New York: Basic Books
...
O
...
M
...
“Measuring Self-efficacy
Expectations for Social: A Methodological Inquiry”
...

Pajare, F
...
D
...
“The Role of Self-efficacy and SelfConcept Beliefs in Mathematical Problem Solving
...
Journal of education psychology, 86, 1193-203
...
(1997)
...

Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American
Educational Research Association, New York
...
& Mayer, J
...
(1990)
...

Imagination, Cognition and Personality, 9, 185-211
...
H
...
“Stress in Academic: Some Recent Research
Findings”
...
T
...
G
...
G
...
L
...
Stress and Health: Research and Clinical
Applications (pp 437-446)
...


42

Sex

Valid

Male
Female
Total

Frequenc y
83
111
194

Percent
42
...
2
100
...
8
100
...
8
57
...
0

Ms tat

V alid

Single
Married
Divorced
Total

Frequency
69
121
4
194

Percent
35
...
4
2
...
0

Cumulativ e
Percent
35
...
9
100
...
6
62
...
1
100
...
9
58
...
9
100
...
9
58
...
9
100
...
9
87
...
0

Educ

V alid

Frequenc y
School c ertif ic ate
28
OND/NCE
62
HND/B
...
4
32
...
5
10
...
2
100
...
4
32
...
5
10
...
2
100
...
4
46
...
9
91
...
0

Des criptive Statistics
N
Age
w orkex p
Self ef f icacy
Emotional intelligence
Occ upational s tress
Valid N (lis tw is e)

194
194
194
194
194
194

Minimum
18
1
15
46
3

Maximum
61
35
40
133
25

43

Mean
35
...
77
31
...
38
14
...
Deviation
10
...
555
4
...
989
5
...
770

N of Items
10

Item -Total Statis tics

b1
b2
b3
b4
b5
b6
b7
b8
b9
b10

Scale Mean if
Item Deleted
28
...
09
27
...
34
28
...
12
28
...
30
28
...
37

Scale
Varianc e if
Item Deleted
19
...
205
20
...
825
20
...
083
19
...
490
20
...
596

Corrected
Item-Total
Correlation

...
443

...
352

...
392

...
427

...
412

Scale Statis tics
Mean
31
...
601

Std
...
960

N of Items
10

Reliability Statis tics
Cronbac h's
A lpha

...
738

...
742

...
753

...
742

...
758

...
40
86
...
00
85
...
54
86
...
25
86
...
10
85
...
12
86
...
57
86
...
06
86
...
71
85
...
95
85
...
84
86
...
24
86
...
33
85
...
19
85
...
236
206
...
807
203
...
150
208
...
521
200
...
294
199
...
112
196
...
750
199
...
471
203
...
506
204
...
876
200
...
056
205
...
875
201
...
946
199
...
493
199
...
136

...
173

...
139

...
150

...
310

...
443

...
336

...
306

...
312

...
174

...
167

...
181

...
243

...
353

...
13

Variance
214
...
Deviation
14
...
870

N of Items
21

45

Cronbach's
A lpha if Item
Deleted

...
711

...
705

...
715

...
706

...
698

...
697

...
704

...
708

...
709

...
704

...
714

...
706

...
703

...
700

Item -Total Statis tics

d1
d2
d3
d5
d6
d7
d9
d10
d11
d13
d14
d15
d16
d17
d18
d20
d21
d22
d23
d24
d25

Scale Mean if
Item Deleted
11
...
98
10
...
92
10
...
08
10
...
92
10
...
93
10
...
84
10
...
93
11
...
11
11
...
00
11
...
09
10
...
465
27
...
377
27
...
942
27
...
490
26
...
679
26
...
396
27
...
343
26
...
079
27
...
364
26
...
047
26
...
465

Corrected
Item-Total
Correlation

...
388

...
358

...
338

...
556

...
458

...
370

...
519

...
406

...
478

...
614

...
860

...
862

...
864

...
867

...
861

...
866

...
871

...
865

...
859

...
857

...
867

Scale Statis tics
Mean
11
...
571

Std
...
438

N of Items
21

Univariate Analysis of Variance
Betw e e n-Subjects Factors
Self ef f icacy
Emotional intelligence

1
2
1
2

V alue Label
Low
High
Low
High

N
84
110
101
93

46

Des criptive Statis tics
Dependent Variable: Occ upational s tress
Self eff icacy Emotional intelligenc e
Low
Low
High
Total
High
Low
High
Total
Total
Low
High
Total

Mean
18
...
03
15
...
72
13
...
20
16
...
73
14
...
Deviation
5
...
714
6
...
681
6
...
438
4
...
060
5
...
556a
38971
...
592
850
...
425
5453
...
000
6488
...
852
38971
...
592
850
...
425
28
...
R Squared =
...
146)

Post Hoc Tests

47

F
12
...
695

...
632
4
...


...
000

...
000

...
Error
Low
Low
Low
High
6
...
220
High
Low
2
...
069
High
High
5
...
994
Low
High
Low
Low
-6
...
220
High
Low
-3
...
252
High
High
-1
...
188
High
Low
Low
Low
-2
...
069
Low
High
3
...
252
High
High
2
...
033
High
High
Low
Low
-5
...
994
Low
High
1
...
188
High
Low
-2
...
033
*
...
05 lev el
...


Method
Enter

a
...

b
...
397 a

R Square

...
131

Std
...
304

a
...


...
029

...
000

...
387

...
004

...
000

...
011

95% Confidence Interval
Low er Bound Upper Boun
3
...
4

...
4
3
...
9
-8
...
6
-6
...
2
-3
...
3
-4
...

1
...
1

...
7
-6
...
0
-1
...
3
-4
...


ANOVAb
Model
1

Regression
Residual
Total

Sum of
Squares
983
...
649
6245
...
980
28
...
828

Sig
...
000 a

a
...
Dependent Variable: Occ upational s tress

a
Coe fficients

Model
1

(Constant)
A ge
Sex
Mstat
Jobstat
Educ
w orkexp

Unstandardiz ed
Coef f icients
B
Std
...
050
2
...
166

...
232

...
026
1
...
789

...
537

...
146

...
311
-
...
365
-
...
105
-
...
Dependent Variable: Occ upational s tress

Correlations

49

t
7
...
599
-1
...
823
-1
...
358
-2
...


...
010

...
000

...
176

...
(2-tailed)
N
Pearson Correlation
Sig
...
(2-tailed)
N
Pearson Correlation
Sig
...
(2-tailed)
N
Pearson Correlation
Sig
...
(2-tailed)
N
Pearson Correlation
Sig
...
(2-tailed)
N

1
194
-
...
685
194

...
000
194

...
000
194

...
000
194

...
000
194

...
726
194
-
...
329
194
-
...
000
194

**
...
01 level (2-tailed)
...
Correlation is s ignif icant at the 0
...


50

Sex
-
...
685
194
1
194

...
021
194

...
689
194

...
001
194
-
...
626
194

...
520
194
-
...
023
194

...
044
194

Mstat

...
000
194

...
021
194
1
194

...
032
194

...
000
194

...
000
194

...
651
194
-
...
762
194
-
...
968
194

Jobstat

...
000
194

...
689
194

...
032
194
1
194

...
000
194

...
000
194

...
004
194
-
...
713
194
-
...
201
194

Educ
w orkexp

...
741

...
000
194
194

...
035

...
626
194
194

...
511

...
000
194
194

...
280

...
000
194
194
1

...
000
194
194

...
000
194
194

...
044

...
546
194
194
-
...
003

...
969
194
194

...
267

...
000
194
194



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