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Elements are composed of extremely small particles called atoms
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The atoms of one element are different from the atoms of all other
elements
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Compounds are composed of atoms of more than one element
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Law of Definite Properties: different samples of a given compound always contain the same
elements in the same mass ratio
Law of Multiple Proportions: different compounds made up of the same elements differ in the
number of atoms of each kind that combine
Law of Conservation of Mass: an alternate statement of the first law of thermodynamics stating
that matter neither created nor destroyed
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3: Atomic Number, Mass Number, and Isotopes
Atomic Number (Z): the number of protons in the nucleus of each atom of an element; also
indicates the number of electrons in an atom (because atoms are neutral and contain the same
number of protons and electrons)
Mass Number (A): the number of protons and neutrons present in the nucleus of an atom of an
element
Nucleons: protons and neutrons
Isotopes: atoms that have the same atomic number but different mass numbers
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*With the exception of hydrogen, nonmetals appear at the far right of the table
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Metal: element with a tendency to lose electrons, located left of the zigzag line on the periodic
table, good conductor of heat and electricity
Nonmetal: element with a tendency to gain electrons, located in the upper right portion of the
periodic table, poor conductor of heat and electricity
Metalloid: elements with properties intermediate between metals and nonmetals (B, Si, Ge, As,
Sb, Te, Po)
Alkali Metals: an element from group 1A with the exception of H
Alkaline Earth Metals: an element from group 2A
Chalcogens: elements in group 6A
Halogens: elements in group 7A
Noble Gases: elements in group 8A
Transition Element: an element that has – or readily forms one or more ions that have – an
incompletely filled d subshell; also called Transition Metals: elements in group 1B and groups
3B-8B
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022 x 1023amu = 1g
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*Metals tend to form cations and nonmetals form anions
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The cations that form from elements of Groups 1A, 2A, and 3A have charges
equal to their respective group numbers
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Polyatomic Ion: a molecule that has lost or gained one or more electrons, giving it a positive or
negative charge
Empirical Formula: the chemical formula that conveys with the smallest possible whole
numbers the ratio of combination of elements in a compound lattice: a three dimensional array of
cations and anions
*Anions to Remember*
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SO42- ~ Sulfate
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PO43- ~ Phosphate
Oxoanion: a polyatomic anion that contains one or more oxygen atoms bonded to a central atom
*Naming an Oxoanion
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The ion with one less oxygen atom than the –ate anion is called the –ite ion
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7: Molecules and Molecular Compounds
Diatomic Molecule: a molecule that contains 2 atoms
Homonuclear: containing atoms of only one element
Heteronuclear: containing two or more different elements
Chemical Formula: chemical symbols and numerical subscripts used to denote the composition
of the substance
Molecular Formula: a chemical formula that gives the number of atoms of each element in a
molecule
of the substance
Molecular Formula: a chemical formula that gives the number of atoms of each element in a
molecule
Allotropes: one of two or more distinct forms of an element
Structural Formula: a chemical formula that shows the general arrangement of atoms within
the molecule
Binary Compound: a substance that consists of just two different elements
*Naming a Binary Compound
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Name the second element,
changing the ending of its name to –
ide
Acid: a substance that increases H+
concentration when added to water
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A species that can accept a pair of
electrons
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Remove –gen ending from
hydrogen
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Combine the 2 words and add
the word acid
Ionizable Hydrogen Atom: a hydrogen atom that can be lost as a hydrogen ion (H+)
Oxoacids: an acid consisting of one or more ionizable protons and an oxoanion
*Naming Oxoacids
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An acid based on an –ite ion is called …ous acid
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8: Compounds in Review
*Determining whether a compound is molecular or ionic…
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Does the compound contain either a metal cation or the NH4+ ion? à Probably ionic
*It has become increasingly common to designate different cations with Roman numerals, using
the Stock system
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*A monatomic anion is named by changing the ending of the element's name to –ide, and adding
the word ion