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Module: BIOM – 1007

Date: 18/10/16

Lecturer: Dr Weldon

Organic Compounds, Hydrocarbons, Alkyl and Aryl Groups
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Organic chemistry is a branch of chemistry specialising in carbon-containing compounds
 Carbon is everywhere and in most things
 Carbon is essential for all life, for example:
 CO2 in the blood
 CO2 in the air, absorbed by plants and animals
 Carbon based fossil fuels used for energy production

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Carbon can be arranged in a number of ways:
 Carbon atoms each bonded covalently to 4 other carbon atoms produces diamond
 This produces a very strong 3D lattice
 Carbons that are each bonded to 3 other carbons produces graphite
 This is a much weaker structure as they are arranged in sheets
 Carbon that is bonded to 3 other carbons can also form fullerene when it rolls into a dome
shape
 The following is a diamond structure compared to a graphite structure and a fullerene structure:

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All organic compounds contain 2 things:
 Functional Groups
 These are more complicated parts of the compound which add functionality
 Hydrocarbons


These are made of hydrogen and carbon and can be put into 3 groups based on the nature
of the covalent bonds between them:

Only one single carbon-carbon
bond
AlkANE


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At least one double carbon bond

At least one triple carbon bond

AlkENE

AlkYNE

To name a hydrocarbon compound you need to know:
 How many carbons are in the longest unbroken chain
 If its saturated or unsaturated
 Finally, the shape of the compound

The number of carbons in the longest unbroken chain gives the prefix for the compounds name

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Number of Carbons
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
The alkane-like skeleton that forms the backbone of many organic
compounds is called an alkyl group
 These are essentially alkanes with a hydrogen missing off one
end
 The right image shows the conversion from alkanes to alkyls:
 The image below shows the example of propane to a propyl
group:

For example, methane (CH4) only has one carbon, so is
prefixed ‘meth’
 This table contains all the prefixes:
Next, it must be decided if the compound is saturated or
unsaturated:
 Alkanes are saturated
 Alkenes/Alkynes are unsaturated
Finally, the shape must be known, there can be 3 shapes
 Straight
 Branched
 Cyclic

The
and has 3 double bonds
 Any




Prefix
Meth
Eth
Prop
But
Pent
Hex
Hept
Oct
Non
Dec

aromatic compound benzene is cyclic

These are extremely common in nature and in drug design
The following image shows 2 examples of aryls:

aromatic
compound
containing a
functional
group is
called an aryl
group



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