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Title: Molecules of Life (Carbs, Lipids, Proteins & Nucleic Acid)
Description: Summarizes Chapter 2 of Human Biology by Sylvia S. Mader and Michael Windelspecht 13th edition. Detailed description of the basic molecules of the human body: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic Acids.
Description: Summarizes Chapter 2 of Human Biology by Sylvia S. Mader and Michael Windelspecht 13th edition. Detailed description of the basic molecules of the human body: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic Acids.
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Molecules of Life
General
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Organic molecules: Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids
Organic = has C and H + associated with living organisms usually
Organic molecule includes several subunits
Macro molecules in cell is made of many subunits, joined together by dehydration (synthesis
reaction)
Dehydration: …-OH + H-… => H2O + ……
Hydrolysis is used to break down molecules
...
Carbohydrates
-
-
Have H-C-OH with O:H ~ 1:2
For quick and short term energy storage in organisms
Monosaccharide: simple sugar; made of one ring containing 5 to 7 C, ex
...
Or stored in liver as glycogen for
long term energy storage
...
Maltose = 2 glucose, broken down by hydrolytic digestive juices
Ex
...
Glycogen same but from animals
...
Mostly H and C and low in O
Contain most energy which is why long term energy storage in animals and plants are in the
form of fats and oils, respectively
Fats: in animals, solid at room temperature (fatty acids are saturated, all single bonds, are
straight), long term energy storage, insulated against heat loss, protective cushion around major
organs
Steroid are smaller lipid molecules and they are chemical messengers
Emulsification is when emulsifier (molecule with polar and nonpolar ends) positions itself
around fat molecule so that it disperses in water
...
Ex
...
-
-
-
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Hydrogenation: pumping H to oil to break double bond or reconfigure (hydrogens move to
opposite sides) and solidify it
...
Wax = 1 fatty acid + single organic molecule ex
...
Ex
...
Monounsaturated oils (olive oil) have one double bond in carbon chain
...
Phosphate and nitrogen are ionized so they form polar head [hydrophilic], as
opposed to the rest of the molecule which is a nonpolar tail [hydrophobic]
...
Steroids: four fused carbon rings attached to functional groups
...
Cholesterol which is in
animal cell plasma membrane and precursor of testosterone and estrogen; made in liver; too
much also causes blockage in veins
...
keratin which makes up hair and nails & collagen supports ligaments,
tendons and skin
o Enzymes: speed chemical reactions in cell, function at body temperature, support one
reaction
o Transport: channel and carrier proteins in plasma membrane, blood transport ex
hemoglobin
o Defense: antibodies combine with antigens and prevent destructive activity
o Hormones: regulatory proteins, intercellular messengers affecting metabolism
o Motion: ex
...
R determines function
...
H from N combines with OH from C (acid group)
polypeptide molecule when more than 2 amino acids join
In peptide bond, oxygen attracts electron more so nitrogen is a bit positive and oxygen is a bit
negative
Shape of protein is essential to function
...
Alpha helix or beta sheet both
due to slight attraction between H on N and O on C
...
Hemoglobin
-
4th structures could contain non protein heme groups such as Fe in hemoglobin used to bond to
O2
Nucleic Acid
-
-
Polymers of nucleotides store information ex
...
Others directly involved in metabolic functions in cells by ex
...
ATP (adenosine triphosphate) stores lots of energy needed for synthetic reactions and bla
DNA nucleotide contain deoxyribose while RNA ribose
...
RNA same but with uracil instead of thymine
...
T-A & G-C
Adenosine (adenine + ribose) + 3 phosphate groups = ATP
ATP changes to ADP + P (phosphate) + energy when hydrolyzed
Title: Molecules of Life (Carbs, Lipids, Proteins & Nucleic Acid)
Description: Summarizes Chapter 2 of Human Biology by Sylvia S. Mader and Michael Windelspecht 13th edition. Detailed description of the basic molecules of the human body: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic Acids.
Description: Summarizes Chapter 2 of Human Biology by Sylvia S. Mader and Michael Windelspecht 13th edition. Detailed description of the basic molecules of the human body: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic Acids.