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CHAPTER – 1 “Matter in our Surroundings”
CONCEPT DETAILS
KEY CONCEPTS : [ *rating as per the significance of concept]
1
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States of Matter
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3
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Evaporation & Boiling
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5
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Elementary idea of three physical states of matter
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Particle Nature of Matter
[ refer NCERT text book activities 1
...
8 ]
Anything that occupies space and has mass and is felt by senses is called matter
...
Characteristics of particles of matter
Made of tiny particles
...
Particles are in continuous motion
...
Q
...
Q
...
States of Matter
[ refer NCERT text book activities 1
...
11 ]
Basis of Classification of Types
Based upon particle arrangement
Based upon energy of particles
Based upon distance between particles
Five states of matter
Gas
Liquid
Solid
Plasma
Matter
9
BoseEinstein
condensate
(i) SOLID
(ii) LIQUID
Fixed shape and
definite volume
...
Inter particle distances
are smallest
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Inter particle distances
are larger
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Incompressible
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Highly compressible
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solids and diffuse
...
diffuse
...
Constituent particles
are very closely
Constituent particles are
less closely packed
...
attraction are weakest
...
(iv) Plasma (non –evaluative)
A plasma is an ionized gas
...
Plasma, like gases have an indefinite shape and an indefinite
volume
...
Ionized gas
(v) Bose-Einstein condensate (non –evaluative)
A BEC is a state of matter that can arise at very low
temperatures
...
The BEC is all about molecules that are really close to each
other (even closer than atoms in a solid)
...
Liquids have an indefinite shape
because the particles can lide
past one another
...
Microscopic Explanation for Properties of Gases
Gases are easily compressible
because there is a great deal of
free space between particles
Gases flow very easily because
the particles randomly move past
one another
...
(non –evaluative)↓
Microscopic Explanation for Properties of Plasmas
Plasmas have an indefinite shape
and an indefinite volume because
the particles can move past one
another
...
Plasmas are good conductors of
electricity &are affected by
magnetic fields because they are
composed of ions
Microscopic Explanation for Properties of BEC
Particles are less energetic than
solids because Exist at very low
temperature
...
BEC shows superfluidity because
Particles can flow without
friction
...
1 A substance has a definite volume but no definite shape ? State whether this
substance is a solid , a liquid or a gas
...
2 Arrange the following substances in increasing order of force of attraction between the
particles
...
Q
...
State whether it is a solid ,
a liquid or a gas
...
4 The melting point of a substance is below the room temperature
...
11
3
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12 to 1
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Sublimation : The changing of solid directly into vapours on heating & vapours into solid on
cooling
...
Ammonium chloride , camphor & iodine
...
On increasing the temperature of solids, the kinetic energy of the particles increases
which overcomes the forces of attraction between the particles thereby solid melts
and is converted to a liquid
...
The melting point of ice is 273
...
The process of melting, that is, change of solid state into liquid state is also known as
fusion
...
Applying
pressure and reducing temperature can liquefy gases
...
Solid CO2 gets converted
directly to gaseous state on decrease of pressure to 1 atmosphere without coming
into liquid state
...
Latent Heat :
The hidden heat which breaks the force of attraction between the molecules during
change of state
...
Vaporisation
Heat energy required to change 1kg of
liquid to gas at atmospheric pressure at
its boiling point
...
[ refer fig
...
9 NCERT Text Book , page-8 ]
Q
...
2 Name the temperature at which the solid and liquid states of substance can exist
together
...
3 What is the effect of pressure on boiling point?
Q
...
Q
...
Q
...
Evaporation & Boiling
Particles of matter are always moving and are never at rest
...
In the case of liquids, a small fraction of particles at the surface, having higher
kinetic energy, is able to break away from the forces of attraction of other
particles and gets converted into vapour
...
Factors Affecting Evaporation
The rate of evaporation increases with an increase of surface area
...
Humidity is the amount of water vapour present in air
...
If the amount
of water in air is already high, the rate of evaporation decreases
...
13
Evaporation cause cooling
...
Particles from the bulk (whole) of the liquid change
into vapour state
...
Particles from the surface gain enough
energy to overcome the forces of attraction present in the liquid and change into the
vapour state
...
1 Which is the slow process , Evaporation or Boiling ?
Q
...
Q
...
Kelvin & Celsius Scale
Kelvin is the SI unit of temperature, 00 C =273
...
we take 00 C = 273 K
...
T (K)= T (oC) +273
Kelvin scale of temperature has always positive sign , hence regarded as better scale
than Celsius
...
The SI unit of
pressure is Pascal (Pa):
1 atmosphere = 1
...
The pressure of air in atmosphere is called
atmospheric pressure
...
Q
...
2 Kelvin scale of temperature is regarded as better scale than Celsius
...
3 Convert 10oC into Kelvin scale
...
Pressure on the surface of a gas is increased
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Name the three states of matter
...
What happens when a liquid is heated ?
4
...
Assign reason
...
Convert the following temperature to Kelvin Scale (a) 100°C
(b) 37°C
6
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Give the characteristics of the particles of matter
...
Water droplets seen on the outer surface of a glass containing ice-cold water is due
to _____________
...
Change of gaseous state directly to solid state without going through liquid sate is
called _____________________
...
__________________ is a surface phenomenon
...
Define Latent heat of vaporisation
...
Explain why temperature remain constant during the change of state of any
substance?
3
...
4
...
5
...
Convert the following temperature to the Kelvin scale (a) 25°C (b) 373°C
7
...
8
...
9
...
10
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Define the term (a) Latent heat of fusion (b) Latent heat of vaporization
2
...
3
...
But you must have
observed that ice floats on water
...
What is the physical state of water at 250°C, 100°C, 0°C?
5
...
ii) Water vapours have more energy than water at same temperature
...
What are intermolecular forces ? How are these related to the three states of matter ?
7
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5 marks Questions:
1
...
State the properties of all the five states of matter
...
Define : Melting point , Freezing point & Boiling point
You are expected to know………
Particle nature of matter