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GLOBAL FINAL STUDY GUIDE

WORLD RELIGION
VOCABULARY
1
...
belief in one god
2
...
belief in many gods
HINDUISM
1
...
free yourself from earthly desires
1
...
collections of sacred writings
b
...
caste system
a
...
brahman, brahma
...
one god made up of …
...

brahma- the creator
ii
...

shiva- the destroyer
4
...
rebirth, soul never dies but is continuously reborn
5
...
good and bad deeds
6
...
collection of your good deeds minus you bad deeds, 3 good - 1 bad = 2 dharma
7
...
a state of understanding all things
JUDAISM
1
...
serve god by studying torah and living by his teachings
1
...
sacred book
2
...
leader who started judaism, god asked him to move his people
3
...
god (monotheistic)

1

4
...
led hebrews out of slavery
5
...
delivered by moses
b
...
hebrews promised to keep his commandments and he promised to protect them
6
...
holy city - where Abraham almost sacrificed his son
CONFUCIANISM
1
...
respect
3
...
confucius
a
...
filial piety
a
...

parent-child
ii
...

older sibling-younger
iv
...

friend-friend
3
...
parent-child
b
...
older sibling-younger
d
...
friend-friend
4
...
more of an ethical system/belief system because there is no god, not really a
religion
5
...
created - Zhoa dynasty
b
...

2
...

4
...


“dao” or “tao”
laozi
daode jing
zhuangzi
during which chinese dynasty was daoism practiced or tolerated?

2

BUDDHISM
➔ no god
➔ dharma- buddha’s teachings
1
...
founder who taught others after finding himself enlightenment (6 years)
b
...
buddha
a
...
enlightenment
a
...
meditate and follow teachings
4
...
eliminating attachment to worldly things
i
...

suffering is caused by selfishness
iii
...

follow 8 fold path to reach nirvana
5
...
used to reach nirvana
i
...

1
...
resolve
3
...
conduct
5
...
effort
7
...
concentration
6
...
complete peace and harmony
CHRISTIANITY
1
...
confess to reach heaven
3
...
jesus
a
...
mom was the virgin mary
c
...
old testament vs new testament

3

a
...

Old - before Jesus
ii
...
jerusalem
a
...
10 commandments
a
...
love thy neighbor and god
5
...
helped spread christianity
ISLAM
1
...
muhammad the prophet
a
...
let all people come and practice their own religion, but had to pay tax and fight in
the army - led to conversion
2
...
god
3
...
followers of islam
4
...
sacred book
5
...
different views of who should lead the muslims
i
...

Shi’a - should be descendent of muhammad
iii
...
mecca and medina
a
...
5 pillars of islam
a
...

prayer
ii
...

fasting
iv
...

faith - there is one god
8
...
holy city where the dome of the rock is located
i
...
sikh

4

2
...

4
...


6
...
nonviolent religious group
guru
a
...
sacred book
guru nanak
a
...
began teaching a faith that was different from others
khalsa order
a
...
most holy place of worship

NEOLITHIC REVOLUTION
NEOLITHIC REVOLUTION & CIVILIZATION- characterized by a time when humans changed
from a nomadic life to a sedentary life when farming was discovered
1
...
a people’s unique way of life, as shown by its tools customs, arts, and ideas
...
artifacts give clues into a people’s culture (tools and jewlery)
2
...
a prehistoric period that lasted from about 2,500,000 to 8,000 B
...
, during which
people made use of crude stone tools and weapons -- also called the old stone
age
...
people were nomadic (hunter gatherers) and followed their food sources, never
settling into a home or permanent location
c
...
hominids
a
...
were the ones to develop many tools, often made of lava rock which were used
to cut meat and crack bones that made the task of surviving easier
...
great rift valley
a
...
marked by a chain of steep sided lakes, volcanoes,
and escarpments
...
where we believe the first humans walked on 2 feet
5
...
the act of moving from one place to settle in another
b
...
nomads/hunter gatherers
a
...
as the agricultural revolution began, less and less people were nomads as
permanent settlements were created
...

7
...
"agricultural revolution" in the second half of the Stone Age
b
...
used tools such as plows,
irrigation, etc
...
climate likely caused the revolution- rising temperature created longer growing
season and it provided a steady source of food
...
slash and burn farming
a
...
farmers planted crops for a year or two, moved onto another piece of land, after
several years trees and grass grew back, and then other farmers repeated the
process of slashing and burning
9
...
increasing populations demanded a system of ruling (government)
b
...
government to manage things
d
...
taxes in the form of food and crops
f
...
keep track of rituals and the calendar, and recording debts and payments
g
...
social changes during neolithic revolution
a
...
building and operating large irrigation systems required labor of many people
c
...
religion became more organized and centered around gods and goddesses who
they believed had power over the rain, wind, and other forces, rather than being
centered around nature, animal spirits, and a vague idea of an afterlife
...
as populations increased, common spiritual values became lasting religious
traditions
...
economic changes during neolithic revolution
a
...
food surpluses

6

c
...

d
...
list some new inventions during the agricultural revolution (neolithic revolution)
a
...
sail
c
...
irrigation systems
e
...
copper + tin = bronze
g
...
cuneiform/written long system
i
...
characteristics of a civilization
a
...
specialized workers
c
...
record keeping
e
...
bronze age
a
...
C
...
copper + tin = bronze,
c
...


Natural barriers
a
...
that barricade off
a civilization
...

can isolate a civilization to provide protection but it can also make trade difficult
...

Cultural isolation
a
...
develops independently
...

Sahara, Sahel, and Savanna
a
...
Sahel- The land that the sahara desert is moving in on (south)
c
...

Nile River
a
...


7

b
...

called the gift of the Nile because it made life possible in the desert
5
...

the belief that spirits are present in animals, plants, and other natural objects
...

griots
a
...

Pharaohs
a
...

also known as god-kings, were believed to hold full responsibility for the
kingdoms wellbeing
...

2
...

A government in which the ruler is viewed as a divine figure; controlled by
religious leaders
b
...

Dynasty
a
...

by 2500 b
...
most Sumerian cities were ruled by dynasties
4
...

A tall reed that grows in the Nile delta, used by the ancient Egyptians to make a
paper like material for writing on
5
...

an ancient Egyptian writing system in which pictures were used to represent
ideas and sounds
b
...

we had already known the translation of the writing in greek, so we used that to
decode hieroglyphics, without the Rosetta Stone hieroglyphics would never have been
translated or understood
6
...

The various thriving ages of ancient Egypt
b
...
C
...

Middle- 2055-1650 B
...
, stability, territorial expansion, kings buried in hidden
tombs, capitol was Thebes
d
...
C
...

Kingdom of Kush
a
...

While Egypt was weakening, being invaded, etc
...
nok people
a
...
west africa's earliest known culture; lived between 500 B
...
and A
...
200
...
push pull factors
a
...
examples; environmental, political, urbanization
3
...
factors that push people out of an area
b
...
pull factors of migration
a
...
freedom; abundant land; employment,
5
...
the speakers of a related group of languages who, beginning about 2000 years
ago, migrated from west africa into most of the southern half of africa
b
...
Kingdom of Aksum
a
...
south of Kush; arose after conquering Kush; traded internationally; monotheistic;
animists; built terraces; had their own currency to help facilitate trade
2
...
aksum's chief seaport
b
...
king ezana
a
...
D
...
conquered kush; burned meroe to the ground;
c
...
steles/ pillars of axum
a
...
false doors, windows and timber beams were carved into the stone
5
...
a new form of agriculture in Aksum, in which stepped ridges constructed on
mountain slopes help retain water and reduce erosion

9

b
...
axum slave trade
a
...
ghana, mali, songhai - gold and salt trade
a
...

Soninke people called their ruler ghana
ii
...

a kingdom whose rulers were growing rich by taxing goods carried
through their territory
b
...

a west african empire that flourished from 1235 to the 1400s and grew
rich from trade
ii
...
songhai
i
...

the people under mali rule to the east began their own culture/empire as
malis rule broke away
iii
...
were all major trading empires who fell to an enemy
2
...
a muslim ruler of mali who may have been sundiata’s (mali's first great leader)
grandnephew
...
ruled from about 1312 to 1332; was a skilled military leader who used his royal
control over the gold & salt trade; shut down every rebellion;
3
...
a city in Mali, north of the River Niger
b
...
ibn battuta
a
...
traveled for 27 years without fear of crime and praised people for their study of
the Qur’an but he also criticised them for not strictly following it
c
...
west african slave trade
i
...
benin, ashanti, dahomey
i
...

iii
...
Great Zimbabwe
a
...
well suited to farming and raising cattle; important trade route; stone houses
c
...
tigris and euphrates river
a
...
sustained life
2
...
tiered pyramid shape sumerian temple
3
...
a city and its surrounding lands functioning as an independent political unit
4
...
conquered and united sumer city states
b
...
declined 200 years later
5
...
first civilization
6
...
system of writing using wedge shaped symbols
b
...

7
...
had the hanging gardens
8
...
code of laws
b
...
harsh on women
PERSIAN EMPIRE
1
...
darius divided his empire into 20 provinces each with their own language religion
and laws but had to obey his supreme laws, made a shared system of money
b
...
honored local customs

11

2
...
constructed by Darius - allowed them to maintain control of such a large area
3
...
First empire with a standard money system
GOLDEN AGE OF ISLAM AND MUSLIM WORLD
1
...
supreme political and religious leader in muslim government
2
...
dynasty that ruled the muslim empire established a kingdom in al-Andalus
3
...
algebra
b
...
house of wisdom in baghdad
d
...
hospitals
f
...
astronomy
THE MUSLIM WORLD EXPANDS
1
...

all three empires based their authority on islam and ran their empires using strong
armies, advanced technology, and loyal administrative officers
OTTOMAN EMPIRE-TECHNOLOGY
1
...
a warrior for islam
2
...
title for ottoman rulers during the rise of the ottoman empire
3
...
strong military leader
b
...
bound ottoman empire together into workable social network
d
...
shiite’s
a
...
cultural blending
a
...
lead to changes in language, religion, styles of government, technology, and
military tactics
...
isma’il
a
...
established shi’a islam as the state religion

12

4
...
hereditary monarch of islam
5
...
helped create safavid culture
b
...
reformed military and civilian life
d
...
harshly punished corruption
f
...
masjed-e-Imam mosque
a
...
example of flowering arts

INDUS VALLEY/INDIA
EARLY INDUS VALLEY
1
...
vital to early life
b
...
himalayan mountains
a
...
made trade hard
c
...
monsoons
a
...
harappa and mohenjo-daro
a
...
had a grid system and plumbing
EARLY INDIAN EMPIRES
1
...
creates mauryan empire
b
...
asoka
a
...
brought mauryan empire to its height
c
...
built roads
e
...
edicts of asoka
a
...
chandragupta
a
...
strong armies paid for by high taxes
c
...
mughal
a
...
nomads who invaded the indian subcontinent and established a powerful empire
2
...
ruled by 33 people between 13 and 16th centuries
b
...
babur
a
...
built a massive army
4
...
brought mughals to their height- golden age- tolerant and had low taxes
5
...
birth of sikhism (combination of islam and hinduism)
6
...
he built the taj mahal tomb for his wife and it had perfect symmetry
b
...
Huang He River and Yangtze River
a
...
gobi desert
a
...
shang dynasty
a
...
built elaborate palaces and tombs
4
...
animal bones and tortoise shells on which priests had scratched questions for the
gods
...
they then interpreted the cracks to see how the gods had answered
5
...
people in all parts of china could learn the same system of writing even if they
had very different spoken languages because the writing had no correlation to
spoken word
b
...
dynastic cycle and the mandate of heaven
a
...
a ruler had divine approval and came from heaven
...
period of warring states
a
...

b
...
bureaucracy
a
...
a government system in which important decisions were made by state officials
2
...
qin dynasty
b
...
qin dynasty
a
...
shang yang was the founder
c
...
suppressed religion
4
...
a government system where one person has absolute power
5
...
started by the qin dynasty for protection against invaders
6
...
split into western and eastern han and the xia
b
...
doubled the size of china
7
...
jobs the government gave to civilians but in order to get the job, you had to pass
an exam from the government

LATER CHINESE EMPIRES

TANG DYNASTY
1
...
gunpowder, magnetic compass, woodblock-printing
2
...
first emperor of tang dynasty
3
...
first empress of china
b
...
contributions made by the shang dynasty
a
...
gentry
a
...
upper class made of scholar-officials and their families
MONGOLS
1
...
fierce nomads who settled down
2
...
member of a nomadic group that herds domestic animals
3
...
group of people descended from a common ancestor
4
...
dry, grass covered plains, high in elevation
5
...
united the mongols
b
...
khanates
a
...
ruled by the sons of genghis khan
7
...
mongol peace from mid 1200s to mid 1300
b
...
kublai khan and yuan dynasty
a
...
marco polo
a
...
was captured and imprisoned in war
c
...
ming dynasty
a
...
vassal states from korea and south east asia paid ming overlords regular tribute
2
...
one of the greatest achievements of chinese
3
...
explorer who led 7 voyages and died on his last voyage
b
...
isolationism
a
...
archipelago
a
...
shintoism
a
...
“way of the gods”
c
...
yamato
a
...
claimed to be descended from sun goddess amaterasu
c
...
heian period
a
...
etiquette was very very important
5
...
landowners set up private armies and would fight
b
...
landowners would trade parts of their land in exchange for protection from strong
warlords
d
...
samurai and bushido code
a
...
very loyal and honorable
b
...
expected to show reckless courage, reverence for
the gods, fairness, and generosity towards those weaker than him
c
...
shogun
a
...
the “acting force” behind the emperor
8
...
founder of the tokugawa period and the tokugawa shogunate
b
...
tokugawa shogunate
a
...
Prince Henry and his School of Navigation
a
...
where columbus went
c
...
Isabella and Ferdinand
a
...
Columbian Exchange
a
...
Capitalism
a
...
Mercantilism
a
...
Triangle Trade Route
a
...
Contributions from the Mayans
a
...
Skilled astronomers
c
...
Had a numerical system
2
...
a city which was a major center in northern Guatemala
b
...
Mayan Writing Glyphs-Codex-Popol Vuh
a
...
Codex- bark paper book for recording things
c
...
Mayan religions and human sacrifice
a
...

b
...
Describe the decline of the Mayans
a
...
Could have been : internal war, over working land, population growth, food
shortages, famine, disease
AZTECS
1
...
an extraordinary urban center with government buildings and causeways
b
...
Aztec Religion and human sacrifice

18

3
...

5
...


a
...
Would kill enslaved people, criminals, and people offered up by conquered cities
Contributions from the aztecs
a
...
Causeways
c
...
Floating gardens/ chinampas
Montezuma II
a
...
Conquered the aztecs
Encomienda system
a
...
system that required natives to work off unpaid taxes in labor

INCAS
1
...
A powerful ruler who conquered peru and greatly grew the empire
b
...
Contributions of the Inca
a
...
Built guest houses along roads or chasquis
c
...
Calendar for night and day
3
...
In the inca empire, the requirement that able bodied subjects work for the state a
certain number of days each year
4
...
Led sun worship services
b
...
Who was francisco pizarro?
a
...
Phoenicians & their alphabet
a
...
Never united into a country but had city states including Byblos, Tyre, and Sidon
c
...
Created the alphabet and shared it with people such as the greeks
2
...
Powerful seafaring people who dominated trade in the eastern mediterranean
b
...
Mycenaeans
a
...
Surrounded by rocky ridges 20 ft thick-so they were well protected
c
...
Trojan War
a
...
Some claim it’s fictional but recent proof says otherwise
c
...
Geography of Greece
a
...
Homer
a
...
Polis
a
...
Made up of a city and its surrounding country side
4
...
Fortified hilltop in an ancient greek city
5
...

a
...
Aristocracy
c
...
Monarchy-Aristocracy-Oligarchy-Tyrannya
...
Aristocracy- state ruled by nobility based on social status
c
...
Tyranny- all power is in the hands of a single ruler
i
...
Persian Wars
a
...
Greece won and with new confidence entered a golden age
8
...
Strengthened democracy
b
...
Made athens more beautiful
d
...
theater and plays
9
...
Wise and able statesman led athens in their golden age aka age of pericles
i
...
Direct vs
...
Direct- citizens vote directly on laws
b
...
Peloponnesian War
a
...
Called truce couple years later
c
...
War started again, spartans won
12
...
Aka philip II
b
...
Brilliant military general and politician
d
...
Alexander the Great
a
...
He invaded persia and won
c
...
Hellenistic Culture
a
...
Republic
a
...
Patricians vs
...
Patricians- wealthy landowners who held most of the power
b
...
Senate vs
...
Senate- aristocratic branch of rome’s government; it had legislative and
administrative functions with 300 members who were chosen from the upper
class of the roman society
b
...
Twelve Tables of Rome
a
...
All free citizens had the right to be protected by laws
5
...
Elected by the assembly
b
...
Dictator Clause of Rome’s government
a
...
Julius Caesar
a
...
Defied the senate's order and was killed by them
c
...
Punic Wars
a
...
Resulted in the destruction of carthage and rome's dominance over the western
mediterranean
9
...
Caesar's nephew who defeated the combined forces of cleopatra and mark
antony
b
...
Pax Romana
a
...
Achievements during the Pax Romana
...
Civil service
b
...
trade
12
...
Strong willed army leader
b
...
Doubled the size of rome than cut it in half and ruled the eastern half
13
...
Adopted christianity
b
...
Greco-Roman
a
...
Bosphorus Strait
a
...
Easily defendable and helped overseas trade
2
...
Powerful ruler who made a single unified code of laws
3
...
Built by justinian
b
...
Cyrillic Alphabet
a
...
Theodora
a
...
Most powerful woman in Byzantine history
6
...
Division in the medieval roman catholic church during which rival popes were
established in avignon and in rome
b
...
Roman Catholic Church vs
...
Roman catholic- services conducted in latin; pope has authority over everyone
b
...
Same- based faith on bible; used baptism; leaders are priests and bishops; seek
to convert people

23

EUROPE IN THE MIDDLE/DARK AGES
1
...
Medieval period from 500 to 1500
b
...
Trade breaks down resulting in economic distress, cities fall
2
...
Pope had all the power politically and religiously and the church controlled all
aspects of life
3
...
Feudalism and mercantilism structured society and was all based around manors
and lords
b
...
Manorialism
a
...
Charlemagne
a
...
Strengthened royal power by limiting the authority of nobles
c
...
Was crowned emperor by the pope
6
...
The german italian empire otto created was first called the roman empire of the
german nation
b
...
Otto I
a
...
Created the holy roman empire
8
...
Conflict between church and state
b
...
Crusades
a
...
Church Reforms
a
...
Split into different branches
24

11
...
Gothic churches
a
...
Gothic- tall with glass stained windows sculpture and woodcarvings with vaulted
ceilings
...
Spanish Reconquista
a
...
Spanish Inquisition
a
...
Bubonic Plague
a
...
Traveled on trade routes
c
...
Peasants revolt
a
...

1
...
Rebirth
2
...
Expansion of trade and business that transformed european economies
3
...
People focused on the potential of humans-started thinking for themselves
4
...
center for imagination and creation with plenty of patrons willing to pay
5
...
Someone who supported artists financially
6
...
a powerful banking family who were patrons of the arts

25

7
...
Dante
b
...
Raphael
d
...
Donatello
8
...
Utopia- “no place” or in his book the ideal place
b
...
Machiavelli’s “The Prince”
a
...
The prince was a book he wrote on how to succeed politically( do whatever it
takes to succeed)
10
...
Printing press- made it possible to produce books cheaply and quickly
b
...
Vernacular
a
...
Scientific Revolution
a
...
A period of rapid scientific advancements
13
...
Descarte- came up with scientific method and developed analytic geometry
b
...
Newton- came up with laws of the universe
14
...
In england named after queen elizabeth I
b
...
Reformation
a
...
Martin Luther
a
...
95 Theses (I don’t mean all 95 literally)
a
...
Main problem was with pope selling indulgences (forgiveness of sins)
4
...
Restored power and stability of monarch’s
b
...
Protestant
a
...
Lutheran
a
...
Believers interpret bible for themselves
7
...
English monarch is head of church
b
...
Interpret the bible using tradition and reason
8
...
God has predetermined who will be saved
b
...
Council of Trent & Counter Reformation
a
...
They agreed on several doctrines
i
...
Faith and good works alone for salvation
iii
...
Indulgences were valid expression of faith but the
false selling of indulgences was banned
b
...
Rulers ruled harshly in order to control the economy and reap the rewards but

27

often left the country with debt
...

1
...
Political belief that one ruler should hold all of the power
2
...
Kings or queens who held all of the power within their state's’ boundaries
...
Wanted to control every aspect of society
3
...
The idea that god created the monarchy and that the monarch acted as god's
representative on earth
4
...
Deeply religious; defended catholicism; defeated an ottoman fleet
5
...
Louis XIII- weak king who appointed cardinal richelieu who made up for his
weakness
b
...
Together they weakened the nobles power, forbade protestant cities to have
walls, involved france in the thirty years war
6
...
Declaration of religious rights by Henry
7
...
Most powerful ruler in french history “the boy king” weakened the nobles’
authority, built the palace of versailles, fought in the war of the spanish
succession, made france the military leader of the world
8
...
A conflict over territory and power among european ruling families
9
...
Inherited throne of austria and had to lead the nation through seven year war
10
...
Followed military tactics of his father
b
...
Led his people through the 7 years war
11
...
Between austria and prussia
b
...
British emerged as real victors
12
...
Ruled by terror organized his own police force
b
...
Boyars of Russia
a
...
Peter the Great of Russia and Westernization
a
...
Peter visited the west and and had a goal of westernization
c
...
Charles I of England
a
...
Parliament made him sign a petition that he ignored
16
...
Supporters of charles I (royalists) v
...
supporters of parliament (puritans)
17
...
New model army---- was a general who helped the puritans win the english civil
war
18
...
Would refuse to give charles money and eventually this lead to the english civil
war which their side won
b
...
Glorious Revolution
a
...
James went against english law and was widely hated so it was good that he was
overthrown
c
...
Constitutional Monarchy
a
...
Enlightenment
a

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