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The chemicals of life
BSE-102
Dr
...
They are living processes
...
Carbohydrates
• Carbohydrates contain the elements carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
• Monosaccharide: Glucose, Fructose and Ribose
• Disaccharide: Maltose (Glucose + Glucose) and Sucrose (Glucose + Fructose)
• Polysaccharide: Starch (made of glucose subunits) and Glycogen (made of glucose subunits,
but linked differently from starch)
...
Glucose C6H12O6
C
HO
HO
C
H
HO
C
H
H
C
OH
H
C
OH
C H2OH
Other carbohydrates
2 molecules of glucose can join together to
sucrose is formed when a molecule of glucose
form a molecule of maltose
and a molecule of fructose combine
Starch and cellulose are formed from hundreds of
maltose
glucose molecules joined to form a long chain
part of a starch
molecule
Proteins
• Proteins are made up of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen molecules but with the addition of
nitrogen
• Carbohydrates are made up of glucose units and Proteins are made up of units called
amino acids
• There are about 20 different amino acids
...
e
...
Essential to enzymes required for plant function
...
Also important in nerve
synaptic transmission of nerve impulses and muscle contraction
...
Phosphorus: Part of the phosphate groups in ATP and DNA molecules
...
It is part of the cell membrane
...
It is involved in the light energy transferring compounds involved in
photosynthesis in plants
...
Can replace
potassium in some plants
...
• Sulfur: It is a component of amino acids
...
• Lactose: provides energy to mammalian young
...
Plants
• Fructose: sweetens fruit to disperse seeds
• Sucrose: energy storage
• Cellulose: cell wall structure
Functions of Lipids/Cabohydrates
• Energy storage: Fat in humans
...
• Heat insulation: A layer of fat under the skin reduces heat loss
...
• Carbohydrates are usually used to store energy in the short-term while lipids are used
for the long-run
...
Therefore lighter to store
...
Advantages of Carbohydrates
• More easily digested, so energy is released more easily from them
...
Compare the structure of RNA and DNA
1
...
RNA has one strand
...
The type of sugar
DNA has a deoxyribose
...
3
...
A group of three
bases is :*called a codon
...
• The mRNA is fed between the small and large subunits of the ribosome
...
• The next tRNA binds to the mRNA and contains an amino acid