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Title: invertebrates
Description: This is the full history of invertebrates from the unicellular protozoa to the multicellular and most adapted
Description: This is the full history of invertebrates from the unicellular protozoa to the multicellular and most adapted
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Phylogeny
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unicellular eukaryotes (some multinucleate, a few loosely multicellular), not all have
• mitochondria (microspores, many flagellates)
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up to about 400 micrometer in size (some larger)
• 3
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most are free living, but many parasitic forms including entire phyla
• 5
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Many have cyst stages secreted by trophic or spore stages
• Cysts/spores have four basic functions:
• • protect against unfavorable conditions
• • serve as sites for multiplication
• • assist in attachment to surfaces such as hosts
• • transmission stage from host to host
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all types of nutrition are exhibited by
protozoans
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g
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Protozoan Reproduction
Protozoan reproduction is asexual or/and sexual
Asexual Repoduction
Binary Fission
• Most common type of reproduction in protozoa
•When parent is larger than progeny with progeny
growing to adult size = budding
•Multiple fission = several nuclear division occur
before cytokinesis so that a number of individuals are
produced simultaneously
(schizogony, merogony and sporogony)
• Schizogony (multiple fission) is common among apicomplexans and
amebas
Sexual Reproduction
• Syngamy = fertilization of an individual gamete by another
• Conjugation = exchange of gametic nuclei between paired
organisms (Paramecium)
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Subphylum Sarcodina
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E
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Amoeba preteus
• Consists of outside membrane called the pellicle
...
• Two section of the cytoplasm namely, ectoplasm and
endoplasm
• Asexual reproduction occurs by fission of the cell
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• Osmoregulation is by contractile vacuole
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• Another member, Entamoeba histolytica, is the cause of
amoebic dysentery (amoebiasis)
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Amoeba
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• Reproduction is usually by longitudinal binary frission
• E
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Euglena
• Class Zoomastigophorea – the non-photosynthetic flagellates
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• Trypanosoma brucei gambiense and T
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rhodesiense
transmitted by tsetse fly
• American sleeping sickness (trypanosome cruzi) vector
rudivid bugs/kissing bug
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Fig
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Fig
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5 µm
Tissue parasites
• Leishmania,
•Leishmaniasis, Kala-azar/black fever
•Attack the skin, liver, spleen
•Visceral, cutaneous and mucocuteneous leishmaniasis
Intestinal parasites,
•Giardia lamblia
•Symptoms manifest themselves following an incubation period ranging from 3
to 25 days and include:
• abdominal cramps,
• stomach bloating,
• intermittent episodes of diarrhoea, and tiredness
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Reproductive organs
•Trichomonas vaginalis four flagellates, forms a trophozoites
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Euglena
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28-07
Long flagellum
Eyespot
Short flagellum
Contractile vacuole
Light detector
Nucleus
Chloroplast
Plasma membrane
Euglena (LM)
5 µm
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CILIOPHORA
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Food vacuoles
Reproduction
• 1
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2
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• The surviving micronucleus divides once mitotically to form
two identical gametic nuclei
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• Male and female fuse forming zygotic nucleus
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Fig
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Conjugation
Reproduction
Conjugation cont
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• Zygotic nucleus divides mitotically forming 8 daughter nuclei
• Four transform into macronuclei and other four into micrinuclei
• Three daughter micronuclei degenerate leaving only one
• the ex-conjugants undergo binary fission
• two macronuclei enter each new cell and micronucleus divides
mitotically
• further division takes place where the two macronuclei separate
one going into separate cell and respective micronucleus dividing
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28-11
Contractile
vacuole
Oral groove
Cell mouth
50 µm
Cilia
Micronucleus
Food vacuoles
Macronucleus
(a) Feeding, waste removal, and water balance
MEIOSIS
Compatible
mates
Diploid
micronucleus
Haploid
micronucleus
The original
Diploid
macronucleus micronucleus
disintegrates
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Conjugation
Reproduction
Fig
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Haploid
micronucleus
Diploid
micronucleus
MICRONUCLEAR
FUSION
Key
(b) Conjugation and reproduction
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• The apicomplexan Plasmodium is the parasite
that causes malaria
• Plasmodium requires both mosquitoes and
humans to complete its life cycle
• Approximately 2 million people die each year
from malaria
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• The 48 hour fever is called tertian because it occurs every third
day - fever on day 1, no fever on day 2, fever on day 3 and so on
...
• These vary from asymptomatic infections (no apparent illness), to
• the classic symptoms of malaria (fever, chills, sweating,
headaches, muscle pains),
• to severe complications (cerebral malaria, anemia, kidney failure)
that can result in death
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Fig
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5 µm
Red blood
cells
Gametocytes
(n)
Key
Haploid (n)
Diploid (2n)
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28-10-2
Inside mosquito
Inside human
Merozoite
Liver
Liver cell
Apex
Red blood
cell
Merozoite
(n)
Zygote
(2n)
0
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Fig
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5 µm
Red blood
cells
FERTILIZATION
Gametes
Gametocytes
(n)
Key
Haploid (n)
Diploid (2n)
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falciparum, P
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ovale and P
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The Phylum Porifera/ Sponges
• General Characteristics of Porifera:multicellular animals, body a loose aggregation of cells and body
porous
• cellular level of organisation
• All aquatic, mostly marine
• Body of pores, canals and chambers for water passage
• radial or asymmetrical
• Body of two layers separated by a gelatinous mesohyl
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• Eggs and sperm are produced by the amoebocytes
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• Freshwater sponge cells usually have contractile vacuoles
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Cell functions in sponges
• Choanocytes (collar cells) function as the sponge's digestive
system, similar to the protistan choanoflagellates
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The beating of the choanocytes’ flagella
creates the sponge’s water current
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• Pinacocytes which form the pinacoderm, the outer epidermal layer
of cells
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• They also have a role in nutrient transport and sexual reproduction
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• Spongocytes secrete spongin, collagen-like fibers which
make up the mesohyl
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• Spicules are stiffened rods or spikes made of calcium
carbonate or silica which are used for structure and defense
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Body type of the sponge
• Asconoid -- water passes directly from the outside through
the pores into the spongocoel
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The water exits the sponge through
the osculum
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Incurrent canals carry water from the outside and are lined with
pinacocytes, Pores connect the incurrent canals with the radial
canals, which empty into the spongocoel
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• Leuconoid -- the walls are complex, with small chambers
connecting the incurrent canals with the spongocoel
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Classification of Porifera
i
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Class Hexactinellida:
iii
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Class Sclerospongiae
Class Calcarea:
1
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Skeletons are made-up of CaCO3 spicules
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Natural sponges
2
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Glass Sponges
2
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Coralline Sponges
2
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PHYLUM - CNIDARIA:
Diploblastic radiata
• The phylum Cnidaria - unique stinging cells called cnidocytes
• As a marine group, they are reasonably successful animals
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• There are four main classes of Cnidaria:
• Class Anthozoa (anemones, corals, etc
...
)
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• Two types of body forms, medusae and polyps
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• The bodies are derived from two embryonic cell layers
(diploblastic), the ectoderm and endoderm which are
separated by a third gelatinous layer called the mesoglea
(this is not the same as "Mesoderm")
...
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• The inner, outer or both surfaces are possess special stinging
cells, cnidocytes
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• The animals have no excretory, circulatory or respiratory
systems
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Mouth/anus
MEDUSA
51
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Fig
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25-15a, p
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Cubozoans
Box JellyFish
58
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Scyphozoan
Characteristics
•Jellyfish
• Medusa is dominant body
form
• Go through small polyp
stage during life cycle
•Stinging tentacles
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Some Jellyfish
Show
Luminescence
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Phylum
Platyhelminthes
Flatworms
Fig
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• Gas exchange takes place across the surface
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32-8c
Body covering
(from ectoderm)
PowerPoint® Lecture Presentations for
Tissuefilled region
(from
mesoderm)
Wall of digestive cavity
(from endoderm)
Biology
(c) Acoelomate
Eighth Edition
Neil Campbell and Jane Reece
Lectures by Chris Romero, updated by Erin Barley with contributions from Joan Sharp
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Flatworms General Charecteristics
• The platyhelminths, or flatworms and are acoelomates (no true body cavity)
• They are an economically important group, include the parasitic tapeworms and
flukes, infecting humans and the livestock
• These animals possess are triploblastic (i
...
: ectoderm, mesoderm, and
endoderm)
• Their bilateral symmetry adapts them for direct movement
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• They eliminate nitrogenous wastes through excretory system based on
structures called flame cells/ protonephridia
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• There are both hermaphrodites and separate sexes
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•Flatworms are divided into four classes:
•
•
•
•
Turbellaria (mostly free-living flatworms)
Monogenea (monogeneans)
Trematoda (trematodes, or flukes)
Cestoda (tapeworms)
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•Planarians have light-sensitive eyespots and
centralized nerve nets
•Sense organs are poorly developed
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Fig
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• Most adults are endoparasites of vertebrates
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• Possess an excretory and nervous systems
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• Trematodes are commonly called flukes,
and they are parasitic
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Trematodes (flukes)
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Schistosomiasis
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33-11
Human host
Motile larva
Tapeworms
• Tapeworms are parasites of vertebrates and
lack a digestive system
• Tapeworms absorb nutrients from the host’s
intestine
• Fertilized eggs, produced by sexual
reproduction, leave the host’s body in faeces
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•Tapeworms absorb nutrients from the host’s intestine
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•Their long bodies are usually made of segments called proglottids
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•The scolex is located on the head and is used for attachment as it has hooks and
suckers
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33-12
200 µm
Proglottids with
Reproductive
structures
Hooks
Sucker
Scolex
mature proglottid of Taenia pisiformis
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2) Outer cuticle (tegument) for protection so as not to be digested or
destroyed by the host’s enzymes
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4) Complicated life cycle with the production of many eggs and/or
offspring and use ofInc
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PHYLUM NEMATODA
Phylum Characteristics
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are found in most aquatic habitats,
in the soil, in moist tissues of plants, and
in body fluids and tissues of animals
•They are at the organ level of organisation
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•They have a complete digestive tract with a mouth and an anus and
digestion is completely extracellular
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•The outer covering is a syncytial epidermis and cuticle
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• There are no circulatory, or respiratory systems
• Excretion and osmoregulation are done through excretory
canals and/or renette cells
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• Reproduction: sexual, the animals are dioecious and
fertilisation is internal
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Fig
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para-lab by l
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Annelids
• Annelids have bodies composed of a series of
fused rings
• The phylum Annelida is divided into three
classes:
• Oligochaeta (earthworms and their relatives)
• Polychaeta (polychaetes)
• Hirudinea (leeches)
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• They are found in marine, freshwater and terrestrial
habitats
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• Annelids are herbivores or carnivores
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• The leeches are ectoparasites of vertebrate animals
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Phylum Characteristics:
1
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2
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3
...
4
...
5
...
6
...
7
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Osmoregulation and excretion are done by paired nephridia
9
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10
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11
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The
`brain' consists of a pair of dorsal cerebral ganglia,
• circumpharyngeal connectives and a pair of ventral
subpharyngeal ganglia
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12
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13
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Fertilisation is external and many produce trochophore larvae
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• Polychaetes have a well-differentiated head or prostomium with
sense organs
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• Many setae are arranged in bundles on the parapodia
...
• Usually the parapodia are the chief respiratory organ although the
worm may also possess gills
...
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Fig
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g Lumbricus terrestris
• Few bristles
• Found in burrows
• Has a clitellum, swollen structure used for
reproductive, habours a cocoon eggs
• Hermaphroditic
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46-1
Hirudinea-Leeches
• Members of class Hirudinea are blood-sucking
parasites, such as leeches
• Leeches secrete a chemical called hirudin to
prevent blood from coagulating
• E
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Hirudo medicinalis
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33-24
Phylum Mollusca
• Molluscs have a soft body (name from the Latin
word mollus, meaning "soft")
• which is generally protected by a hard, calciumcontaining shell
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• Bilaterally symmetrical or asymmetry in some forms
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• Complete digestive system with extracellular digestion
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• Gas exchange is across gills, lungs or the mantle wall
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• The muscles pull against the shell or a hydrostatic
skeleton
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• Head-foot
• which contains both the sensory and motor
organs;
• Visceral mass
• which contains the well-developed organs of
digestion, excretion, and reproduction; and
• Mantle
• a specialized tissue above the visceral mass
that secretes the shell
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Monoplacophora
The Classes of Phylum Mollusca
Chitons
•Generally possesses a univalved,
•cap-shaped shell with little or no
spiraling;
•soft parts show some segmentation
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•Experience torsion
Bivalvia
Bivalves = Muscles, Clams,
Oysters
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Fig
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Gastropoda
Limpets, Slugs and Snails
•Generally a spirally-coiled shell- body
usually asymmetrical,
•with a distinct head
•pair of eyes, and one or two pairs of
tentacles;
•foot is broad
...
•Shell usually of two valves hinged
dorsally;
•foot generally hatchet-shaped;
•head lacking
Nautilus, Octopus and Squid
•Large head with well-developed eyes,
•horny (chitinous) jaws, and many
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33-17
(a) A land snail
(b) A sea slug
Fig
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Monoplacophora
The Classes of Phylum Mollusca
Chitons
•Generally possesses a univalved,
•cap-shaped shell with little or no
spiraling;
•soft parts show some segmentation
...
•Experience torsion
Bivalvia
Bivalves = Muscles, Clams,
Oysters
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•The mantle cavity of a bivalve contains gills that
are used for feeding as well as gas exchange
•These valves are joined by a hinge on the
dorsal side of the animal
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33-19
Fig
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Gastropoda
Limpets, Slugs and Snails
•Generally a spirally-coiled shell- body
usually asymmetrical,
•with a distinct head
•pair of eyes, and one or two pairs of
tentacles;
•foot is broad
...
•Shell usually of two valves hinged dorsally;
•foot generally hatchet-shaped;
•head lacking
Cephalopoda
Nautilus, Octopus and Squid
•Large head with well-developed eyes,
•horny (chitinous) jaws, and many tentacles;
•Squids use their siphon to fire a jet of water,
which allows them to swim very quickly
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33-21
Octopus
Squid
Chambered
nautilus
General Characteristics of Arthropods
•Two out of every three known species of
animals are arthropods
•Members of the phylum Arthropoda are found in
nearly all habitats of the biosphere
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The head, thorax
and abdomen are variously distinct or fused
• There are one pair of jointed appendages per segment or
less
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The exoskeleton is moulted at
regular intervals
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• Different mouth parts, with lateral jaws, that are adapted:
• for chewing or for sucking
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• The circulatory system is open (lacunar)
...
It returns through the body spaces (hemocoel) to the heart
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• A nervous system is present with paired dorsal
gangalia and connectives to a pair of ventral nerve
cords
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Fertilization mostly
occurs internal
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• It prevents dessication
• Low density – adaptation for flying
• Flexible joints are possible between segments
• Help in a for formation of jaws modification for piercing,
chewing, biting, sucking and grinding
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33-27
Classification
• Subphylum Trilobitomorpha
• Subphylum Chelicerata
• Sybphylum Uniramia
• Subphylum Hexapoda
• Subphylum Myriapoda
• Subphylum Crustacea
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Subphylum Chelicerata
water scorpions, horseshoe crab, sea spiders, spiders, ticks
& mites
Characteristics
•Chelicerates have six pairs of cephalothoracic appendages
including chelicerae, pedipalps and four pair of legs
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•Most suck liquid food from prey
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Fig
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• Often with a carapace covering the head and parts of the thorax as a
dorsal shield or as two lateral valves
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• Respiration via gills (rarely by body surface)
...
• The sexes are seperate
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Fig
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•Arthropods have an open circulatory system
in which fluid called hemolymph is circulated
into the spaces surrounding the tissues and
organs
•A variety of organs specialized for gas exchange
have evolved in arthropods
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Table 33-5
Cheliceriforms
• Cheliceriforms, subphylum Cheliceriformes, are
named for clawlike feeding appendages called
chelicerae
• The earliest cheliceriforms were eurypterids
(water scorpions)
• Most marine cheliceriforms (including
eurypterids) are extinct, but some species
survive today, including horseshoe crabs
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33-30
•Most modern cheliceriforms are arachnids,
which include spiders, scorpions, ticks, and
mites
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33-31a
Scorpion
Fig
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33-31c
Web-building spider
• Arachnids have an abdomen and a
cephalothorax, which has six pairs of
appendages, the most anterior of which are the
chelicerae
• Gas exchange in spiders occurs in respiratory
organs called book lungs
• Many spiders produce silk, a liquid protein, from
specialized abdominal glands
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33-32
Stomach
Intestine
Digestive
gland
Brain
Heart
Eyes
Ovary
Anus
Gonopore
Spinnerets
(exit for eggs)
Silk gland
Poison
gland
Book lung
Sperm
receptacle
Chelicera
Pedipalp
Myriapods
• Subphylum Myriapoda includes millipedes and
centipedes
– Myriapods are terrestrial, and have jaw-like
mandibles
• Millipedes, class Diplopoda, have many legs
– Each trunk segment has two pairs of legs
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33-33
•Centipedes, class Chilopoda, are carnivores
– They have one pair of legs per trunk segment
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33-34
Insects
• Subphylum Hexapoda, insects and relatives,
has more species than all other forms of life
combined
• They live in almost every terrestrial habitat and
in fresh water
• The internal anatomy of an insect includes
several complex organ systems
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33-35
Abdomen Thorax Head
Compound eye
Antennae
Heart
Cerebral ganglion
Dorsal
artery Crop
Anus
Vagina
Malpighian
tubules
Ovary
Tracheal tubes
Mouthparts
Nerve cords
• Insects diversified several times following the
evolution of flight, adaptation to feeding on
gymnosperms, and the expansion of
angiosperms
• Insect and plant diversity declined during the
Cretaceous extinction, but have been increasing
in the 65 million years since
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• Many insects undergo metamorphosis during
their development
• In incomplete metamorphosis, the young,
called nymphs, resemble adults but are smaller
and go through a series of molts until they reach
full size
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Fig
...
33-36a
(a) Larva (caterpillar)
Fig
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33-36c
(c) Later-stage pupa
Fig
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33-36e
(e) Adult
• Most insects have separate males and females
and reproduce sexually
• Individuals find and recognize members of their
own species by bright colors, sound, or odors
• Some insects are beneficial as pollinators, while
others are harmful as carriers of diseases, or
pests of crops
• Insects are classified into more than 30 orders
Video: Bee Pollinating
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33-37
Fig
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33-37b
Fig
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33-37d
Fig
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• Isopods include terrestrial, freshwater, and
marine species
– Pill bugs are a well known group of terrestrial isopods
• Decapods are all relatively large crustaceans
and include lobsters, crabs, crayfish, and shrimp
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33-38
(a) Ghost crab
(b) Krill
(c) Barnacles
Fig
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Fig
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Fig
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5: Echinoderms and chordates
are deuterostomes
• Sea stars and other echinoderms, phylum
Echinodermata, may seem to have little in
common with phylum Chordata, which includes
the vertebrates
• Shared characteristics define deuterostomes
(Chordates and Echinoderms)
• Radial cleavage
• Formation of the mouth at the end of the embryo opposite the
blastopore
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33-UN5
Calcarea and Silicea
Cnidaria
Lophotrochozoa
Ecdysozoa
Deuterostomia
Echinoderms
• Sea stars and most other echinoderms are
slow-moving or sessile marine animals
• A thin epidermis covers an endoskeleton of hard
calcareous plates
• Echinoderms have a unique water vascular
system, a network of hydraulic canals
branching into tube feet that function in
locomotion, feeding, and gas exchange
• Males and females are usually separate, and
sexual reproduction is external
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33-39
Anus
Stomach
Spine
Gills
Central disk
Digestive glands
Madreporite
Radial
nerve
Ring
canal
Gonads
Ampulla
Podium
Radial canal
Tube
feet
• Living echinoderms are divided into six classes:
• Asteroidia (sea stars)
• Ophiuroidea (brittle stars)
• Echinoidea (sea urchins and sand dollars)
• Crinoidea (sea lilies and feather stars)
• Holothuroidea (sea cucumbers)
• Concentricycloidea (sea daisies)
Video: Echinoderm Tube Feet
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Fig
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33-40a
(a) A sea star (class Asteroidea)
Brittle Stars
• Brittle stars have a distinct central disk and long,
flexible arms, which they use for movement
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...
33-40b
(b) A brittle star (class Ophiuroidea)
Sea Urchins and Sand Dollars
• Sea urchins and sand dollars have no arms but
have five rows of tube feet
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...
33-40c
(c) A sea urchin (class Echinoidea)
Sea Lilies and Feather Stars
• Sea lilies live attached to the substrate by a
stalk
• Feather stars can crawl using long, flexible arms
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...
33-40d
(d) A feather star (class Crinoidea)
Sea Cucumbers
• Sea cucumbers lack spines, have a very
reduced endoskeleton, and do not look much
like other echinoderms
• Sea cucumbers have five rows of tube feet;
some of these are developed as feeding
tentacles
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...
33-40e
(e) A sea cucumber (class Holothuroidea)
Sea Daisies
• Sea daisies were discovered in 1986, and only
three species are known
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...
33-40f
(f) A sea daisy (class Concentricycloidea)
Chordates
• Phylum Chordata consists of two subphyla of
invertebrates as well as hagfishes and
vertebrates
• Chordates share many features of embryonic
development with echinoderms, but have
evolved separately for at least 500 million years
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33-UN6
Fig
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33-UN6b
Fig
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33-UN6d
Fig
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33-UN7
You should now be able to:
1
...
List the characteristics of the phylum Cnidaria
that distinguish it from other animal phyla
3
...
List the characteristics of Platyhelminthes and
distinguish among the four classes
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...
Describe a lophophore and name two
lophophorate phyla
6
...
Describe the features of annelids and
distinguish among the three classes
8
...
, publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
9
...
Define and distinguish among the four major
arthropod lineages
11
...
Distinguish among the six classes of
echinoderms
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Title: invertebrates
Description: This is the full history of invertebrates from the unicellular protozoa to the multicellular and most adapted
Description: This is the full history of invertebrates from the unicellular protozoa to the multicellular and most adapted