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Title: Principles of Management
Description: 1st year's second semester notes

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LEADERSHIP AND ORGANIZATIONS
ROBBINS AND JUDGE ©2009
DBA 102 PRINCIPLES
OF MANAGEMENT
DR
...
, publishing as Prentice-Hall
...

– Summarize the conclusions of trait theories of leadership
...

– Assess contingency theories of leadership by their level of support
...

– Define authentic leadership and show why effective leaders
exemplify ethics and trust
...

– Address challenges to the effectiveness of leadership
...

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc
...
A
leader does not have to be someone who holds
a formal position or title
...


 Both are necessary for organizational
success

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc
...


 Both are necessary for
organizational success
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc
...

Initially this theory was based on studies that looked at over 80 different
traits, which allowed almost anything to be defined as leadership
...
These are………

 Essential Leadership Traits





Extroversion
Conscientiousness
Openness
Emotional Intelligence (Qualified)

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc
...


Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc
...
publishing as Prentice Hall

12-6

Important Behavioral Studies

Ohio

Michigan

• Initiating structure
• Consideration

• Employee-oriented
• Productionoriented

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc
...
publishing as Prentice Hall

12-8

Fiedler Model
 Effective group performance depends on the proper
match between leadership style and the degree to which
the situation gives the leader control
...
publishing as Prentice Hall

12-9

Graphic Representation of Fiedler’s Model
Used to
determine
which type
of leader
to use in a
given
situation

E X H I B I T 12-2

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc
...

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc
...
publishing as Prentice Hall

12-12

Situational Leadership Theory
 A model that focuses on follower “readiness”
– Followers can accept or reject the leader
– Effectiveness depends on the followers’ response to the
leader’s actions
– “Readiness” is the extent to which people have the ability
and willingness to accomplish a specific task
Ability to follow

Willingness to Follow

Leadership Behavior

Unable

Unwilling

Give clear and specific directions

Unable

Willing

Display high task orientation

Able

Unwilling

Use a supportive and participatory
style

Able

Willing

Doesn’t need to do much

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc
...
publishing as Prentice Hall

12-14

Vroom and Yetton’s Leader-Participation Model
 How a leader makes decisions is as important as what is
decided

 Premise: Situational variables interact with leadership
attributes to impact the behavior of the leader
...

– This is a normative model that tells leaders how participative
to be in their decision making of a decision tree
• Five leadership styles
• Twelve contingency variables

E X H I B I T 12-5

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc
...
publishing as Prentice Hall

Out Groups
• Managed by formal
rules and policies
• Receive less of the
leader’s attention /
fewer exchanges
• More likely to
retaliate against the
organization

12-16

Charismatic Leadership
 Charisma means gift in Greek

Vision

Unconventional
Behavior

Sensitivity to
Followers

Personal Risk

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc
...
publishing as Prentice Hall

Demonstrate
the Vision

12-18

Transformational Leaders
 Inspire followers to transcend their self-interests for
the good of the organization

Transactional

Transformational

• Contingent Reward
• Management by Exception
(active)
• Management by Exception
(passive)
• Laissez-Faire






Idealized Influence
Inspirational Motivation
Intellectual Stimulation
Individualized Consideration

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc
...
publishing as Prentice Hall
12-20

Authentic Leaders
• Authentic leaders know who they
are, what they believe in and value,
and act upon those values and beliefs
...

When we assess leadership, we must
assess not just the goals themselves
but also the means by which those
goals are achieved
...
publishing as Prentice Hall

12-21

Trust and Leadership
 Trust – a psychological state that exists when you agree
to make yourself vulnerable to another because you
have a positive expectation for how things are going to
turn out
...
publishing as Prentice Hall

Desired
Attitudes

12-22

How is Trust Developed?

Trust

Action: Risk Taking,
Information Sharing,
Group Effectiveness,
and Productivity

Leadership
Action:
Integrity,
Benevolence,
Ability

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc
...


Career
Functions

Psychological
Functions

Helping the protégé gain skills and
abilities

Counseling the protégé to bolster
his/her confidence

Lobbying for the protégé to get
better assignments

Sharing personal experiences with
the protégé

Providing exposure to influential
individuals in the organization

Providing friendship and
acceptance

Acting as a sounding board for
ideas

Acting as a role model

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc
...
publishing as Prentice Hall

12-25

Global Implications
 These leadership theories are primarily studied in
English-speaking countries
 GLOBE does have some country-specific insights
– Brazilian teams prefer leaders who are high in consideration,
participative, and have high LPC scores
– French workers want a leader who is high on initiating
structure and task-oriented
– Egyptian employees value team-oriented, participative
leadership, while keeping a high-power distance
– Chinese workers may favor a moderately participative style

 Leaders should take culture into account
 The GLOBE Study
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc
...




Extroversion, conscientiousness, and openness all show consistent relationships to
leadership
...




Need to take into account the situational variables, especially the impact of
followers
...




Leaders must be seen as authentic and trustworthy
...


Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc
...
No part of this publication may be reproduced,
stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any
means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise,
without the prior written permission of the publisher
...


Copyright ©2011 Pearson Education,
Inc
...
Publishing as Prentice Hall

12-28


Title: Principles of Management
Description: 1st year's second semester notes