Notesale: Turn your study into money

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intro (Science Theory chapter one)
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Key concepts (Science Theory chapter one)
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Scientific inquiry begins with observations of nature the scientific method
involves generating and testing hypotheses about those observations
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In an experiment investigators manipulate one aspect of nature (independent
variable) and study how that action affects another aspect of nature (dependent
vatable)
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A scientific theory is a major explanation about the natural world that has been
repeatedly confirmed in diverse ways and is accepted as part of scientific
knowledge
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Biological evolution is a change in the overall genetic characteristic of a group of
organisms over successive generations
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1 the nature of science (Science Theory chapter one)
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Technology refers to the practical application of scientific techniques
and principles
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People like you are contributing to the advance of science
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Science deals with the natural world or the observable world that can
be measured in some way by humans
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Scientific method the process that generate scientific knowledge
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it is not one singular sequence of steps
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Scientific hypotheses must be testable
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The person who poses the hypothesis must be
the one who tests it
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Useless unless testable
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Experiments
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If the experiment neither proves nor denies then its inclusive and a
better test must be done
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The scientific method requires objectivity
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Evidence must be based on observations or experiments or both
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the experiment, observations and the results must be recreated by
other scientists
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Evidence must be collected in and objective fashion that is free of bias,
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And that they have no direct involvement in the
research under review
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Intro
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Observations is a description measurement or record of an object or
phenomenon
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An observation must be reproducible
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Analyses is also part of observation, patterns can be identified
and then ask what causes those patterns
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Scientific hypotheses make clear cut predictions
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Scientific hypotheses must be refutable but cannot be proved beyond all doubt
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It should be possible in principle to show that a scientific hypothesis is
false
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Pseudoscience is the practice of using arguments that sound vaguely
scientific without using the scientific method
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No hypothesis can be proved beyond all doubt

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”
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Variable is any aspect of nature that can change
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Statistics a mathematical science that uses probability theory to
estimate the reliability of data
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Correlation means that two or more aspects of the natural world
behave in an interrelated manner
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Although there might be correlation there might not be a cause
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Experiments are the most effective for showing causation
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Controlled experiment a researcher measures the value of the
dependent variable for at least two groups of study subjects
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One is tested one is not
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With no change
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Instead of the
treatment the control group receives a placebo which is a dummy pill or
sham treatment that mimics the actual treatment
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Double blind experiment neither the study subject nor the researchers
know which participants are receiving the treatment
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Scientific fact is a direct and repeatable observation of any aspect of the natural
world
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Scientific theory is a major explanation about the natural world that has been
confirmed through extensive testing in divers ways by independent researchers
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Microbes minuet organisms visible only with a microscope
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Intro

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What is life?
Living organisms are composed of cells
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8 billion
years ago,
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A thick water based
fluid studded with several structures that have specialized functions
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Reproduction is a key characteristic, it’s the ability to produce offspring
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Single celled organisms divide in half into almost identical copies of the
original cell
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Sperm+ egg= zygote
this is fertilization as it divides it develops some reproduce asexually
that means that they do not have specialized reproductive cells such as
sperm or egg
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The reason offspring looks like the parents is because information is
passed down through DNA or deoxyribonucleic acid
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In plants and animals, the DNA is
held in the nucleus
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All organisms need energy to persist
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Producers or autotrophs, gather their energy from nonliving mater
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Some gather through a process called photosynthesis that can create
energy out of sunlight and other substances floating around in air and
or water
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A habitat is where the organism lives
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Living organisms actively maintain their internal conditions
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Biological evolution refers to a change in the overall genetic
characteristics of a group of organisms from one generation to the next
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5 biological evolution and the unity and diversity of life (Science Theory chapter one)
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Evolution explains the unity of life, and why all living organisms are like
each other
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How we got from bacterium to a woolly mammoth
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Populations of a given species can evolve over the generations
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Natural selection is an evolutionary mechanism that changes overall
genetic composition of a population from one generation to the next by
favoring the survival and the reproduction of individuals best suited to
their environment
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Adaptive traits are the traits favored to survive and certain individuals
in a large population might poses these traits
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Natural selection adapts a population to its habitat
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Uses natural selection so that one adaptive trait can help the species
survive
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Darwin and Wallace explained how natural selection produces new species
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If there are two populations of a species and they have different
habitats they might evolve very differently thus not allowing them to
interbreed and then there are two different species
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All animals are decadence from a common ancestor
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We can categorize all known species into three domains of life
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7 million species have thus far been discovered
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Domains bacteria, archaea, and eukaryote
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They are prokaryotes
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Protista are algae amoebas and their relatives
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Fungi from yeast to mushrooms
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6 the biological hierarchy (Science Theory chapter one)
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Atoms the building blocks of matter and the material which the universe is
composed of
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Molecule two or more atoms held together by strong chemical bonds become a
molecule
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Tissue is a group of cells that preforms a unique but narrow set of tasks in the
body
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Organ system groups of organs that extend through a large amount of the body
and preforms a great range of functions
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Population is a collection of individuals
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Community is a collection of populations of different species
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Biomes large regions of the world defined by a shared characteristic such as
climate
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Biosphere all the biomes are part of the biosphere
Chapter summary (Science Theory chapter one)
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1 the nature of science (Science Theory chapter one)
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The scientific method represents the core logic of the process by which
scientific knowledge is generated the scientific method requires that we
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Devise a hypothesis to explain the observations
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Test those predictions
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2 the process of science (Science Theory chapter one)
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A hypothesis cannot be proved true it can be only be upheld or not
upheld if the predictions of a hypothesis are not upheld the hypothesis
is rejected or modified if the predictions are upheld the hypothesis is
supported
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In a scientific experiment the independent variable is the one that is
manipulated by the investigator any variable that can potentially

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respond to the changes in the independent variable is called a
dependent variable
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A scientific fact is a direct and repeatable observation of any aspect of
the natural world
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Because of their common evolutionary organs all living organism have
certain key characteristics in common
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5 biological evolution and the unity and diversity of life (Science Theory
chapter one)
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Natural selection makes a population or species better adapt to its
environment
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6 the biological hierarchy (Science Theory chapter one)
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The individuals of a given species in an area consists of a population
populations of different species in an area make up a community
communities along with the physical habitat they live in constitute
ecosystems
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