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All living organisms are made up of one or more basic units called cells
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Multicellularity makes possible a larger body size and division of labor among the
different types of cells
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Prokaryotes are single celled organisms that lack a nucleus eukaryotes are single celled
or multicellular organisms whose cells have a nucleus and several other internal
compartments
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The cytoskeleton is a network of protein cables and cylinders that facilitates internal
transport gives shape and mechanical strength to a cell and enables it to move
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Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells are both bounded by a plasma membrane that enclose
an aqueous cytoplasm but eukaryotic cells have a greater variety of internal membrane
enclosed compartments
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Intro
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Every living thing is composed of one or more cells and all cells
living today came from a preexisting cell
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The plasma membrane is a phospholipid bilayer
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The cytoplasm contains a liquid called cytosol, this is composed of
multitude of ions and biomolecules mixed in water
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Organelles which preform unique functions in the cell are adrift in the
cytosol
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Some organelles are wrapped in several lipid membranes such as the
nucleus that is found only in eukaryotic cells, it contains the DNA
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The microscope is a window into the life of a cell
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We have been able to identify different parts of cells with dies
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Electron microscopes can magnify something 100,000 times
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Some cells are large others are small
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Cells are small because materials that are exchanged between cells
become more of a challenge
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100 um us about the max any larger and a cell might starve because
nutrients might not get in as fast as necessary
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Some of our largest cells have more surface area than value like our
nerve cells are thin but have a lot of surface area
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Being small has its benefits but being bigger than the competition also
has benefits
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If bugger or multicellular it may be easier to acquire resources from the
environment
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A multicellular organism consists of an interdependent group of cells
that are genetically identical because one single cell created them
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Large organisms have
small cells that preform different tasks
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All the cells have the same DNA but as they devolve different
genes are activated and the cell gets a unique skill set
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These cells can perform their task much better than a cell that must do
it all
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The human body has 220 different cell types each preforms a unique
function
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The plasma membrane separated the cytoplasm from the outside world
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The membrane contains many different types of proteins
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The membrane is made of a phosphor lipid bilayer hydrophilic heads to the
outside and the hydrophobic tails to the inside
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The membranes functions are
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It releases waste products but prevents needed molecules from leaving
the cell
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sending signals as necessary
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It has selective permeability that allows some things to enter the cell freely and
other things get removed
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Completed by the transport, receptor, and adhesion proteins in the
membrane

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This is done through
adhesion proteins located on the membrane
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And this means that things can move
about and are not in a fixed location
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this allows cell movement and helps absorbed any stress that might be
put on the cell
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Prokaryotes
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Smaller than eukaryotes
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Lack certain organelles found in eukaryotic cells
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are organisms whose DNA is enclosed in a nucleus
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larger than prokaryotes (1000 times the volume)
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Shimla’s lack the cell wall but are attached or enclosed by the
extra cellular matrix
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Nucleus is the defining organelle
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Membrane enclosed organism increase efficiency of critical chemical
reactions
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Intro
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No living cell can function without DNA
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It gives exact
orders that the factory floor can follow through without a hitch
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The nuclear envelope is made up of two lipid bilayers inside the DNA
strands can be found
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Each DNA double helix constitutes one chromosome except for
certain reproductive cells every cell in the average human body
has 46 chromosomes
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DNA must be copied to RNA before being decoded into a
protein
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A nucleolus is where the large quantities of rRNA to assemble
ribosomes
The endoplasmic reticulum manufactures certain lipids and proteins
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It functions like a specialized department preparing items for
transport to other parts of the cell or export outside the cell
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The membrane is usually joined with the nuclear envelope
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Smooth ER
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Rough ER
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Transport vesicles move materials
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A transport vesical buds off from a membrane then It travels to its
destination fusing with that membrane dispensing its contents to the
determined destination
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The Golgi apparatus directs proteins and lipids produced by the ER to
their final destinations in or out of the cell
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Lysosomes have membranes and can break down and recycle things
that are marked for recycle or destruction and waste
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Have a ph
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Lissome are for animals and vacuoles are for plants
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The main one can occupy 1/3 of the cells interior
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Most to all of which are soluble in
water

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They exert a pressure called Turgot pressure against the cytoplasm it
keeps the cell pumped up like an inflated tire
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Is the power house or supplies the energy for the cell to function
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They are needed to convert chemical energy into a from us full for
powering cellular activities
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The inner meme brain space is the space between the two membranes
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The space interior to the cristae is called the matrix
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Oxygen gas and the molecules derived from food are the raw materials
that fuel the mitochondrion power stations co2 and water are released
as a byproduct which is called cellular respiration
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Mitochondrion provide life sustaining Adenosine Triphosphate to
eukaryotic cells but plants have additional organelles called chloroplasts
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Photosynthesis is taking carbon dioxide and water and chemically
changing that with the energy of the sun into sugars and a byproduct of
oxygen
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Thylakoid is a pancake like structure house light absorbing pigments
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5 the cytoskeleton
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A network of protein cylinders and filaments known as the cytoskeleton
organizes the interior of the cell sports the intracellular movement of
organelles
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This not just enables movement inside the cell but also outside the cell
in some cases
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Microtubules are rigid hollow cylinders of protein that help position
organelles move transport vesicles and other organelles and generate
force in cell projections such as the cilia or flagella found on some cells

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Microfilaments are the thinnest of the three types of cytoskeleton
structures
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Microtubules support movement inside the cell
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This scaffolding helps the organelles stay in position or acquire a
position
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They are rope like 8-12 nanometers in dimeter
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Also, provide mechanical reinforcement for internal cell membranes
such as the nuclear envelope
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Smallest diameter of 7 Nano meters, it’s a spiral wound cable and is
very flexible
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Can shorten and lengthen in either direction rapidly
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Cilia and flagella enable whole-cell movement
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Flagella are lashed about and much longer than cilia and supported by
microtubules and function much the same
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Cell Structure and internal Compartments Vocab
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The mitochondrion (plural: mitochondria) provides the energy that fuels all cellular
functions
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Ribosomes are important protein-manufacturing organelles
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A multicellular organism consists of an interdependent group of genetically identical
cells that developed from a single cell and whose cells are incapable of living
independently
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The plasma membrane is a selectively permeable barrier that is responsible for the
following:
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Removing waste from the cell
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Anchoring the cell in place
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Vacuoles filled with water provide turgor pressure, which helps make the nonwoody
parts of plant cells stiff (wilted plants have lost turgor)
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The mitochondrion extracts energy from food molecules, releasing carbon dioxide and
water in an oxygen-dependent process called cellular respiration
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The folds of the inner membrane form the cristae
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Plants and algae use chloroplasts to capture energy from sunlight to make sugars in a
process known as photosynthesis
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Chloroplasts have two outer membranes and an extensive network of internal
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Positioning organelles
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Generating force to propel the cell
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Cells: the smallest units of life
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Most cells are small because the ration of surface area to volume limits cell size
as a cells width increases its volume increases vastly more than its surface so a
larger cell has proportionally less plasma membrane area to import and export
substances but must support a much larger cytoplasmic volume
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A multicellular enabled organism to attain larger size and it conferred the added
advantage of greater efficiency through division of labor among the multiple cell
types
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Every cell is surrounded by a plasma membrane that separates the chemical
reactions of life from the surrounding environment
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Proteins in the plasma membrane perform a variety of functions receptor
proteins facilitate communication transport proteins mediate the movement of
substances across the membrane and adhesion proteins help cells attach to one
another
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Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
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Prokaryotes are singled celled organisms lacking a nucleus and complex internal
organelles or compartments eukaryotes may be single celled or multicellular
and their cells typically possess many membrane enclosed compartments such
as the nucleus
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Internal compartments of eukaryotic cells
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Lipids are made in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER) some proteins are
manufactured in the rough ER
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The Golgi apparatus receives proteins and lipids from the smooth and rough
endoplasmic reticulum, sorts them and then directs them to their destination
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Mitochondria produce chemical energy for eukaryotic cells in the form of
ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE
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The cytoskeleton
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The cytoskeleton consists of three types of filaments microtubules intermediate
filaments and microfilaments microtubules position organelles and can move
them inside the cell microfilaments give shape to the cell and enable cell
crawling intermediate filaments provide mechanical strength to the cell
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