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What is sustainable development?
 Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present, without
compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs
 The concept of sustainable development can be interpreted in many different ways, but at its
core is an approach to development that looks to balance different, and often competing,
needs against an awareness of the environmental, social and economic limitations we face
as a society
...

o Health & Transport - Instead of driving, switching to walking or cycling for short
journeys will save you money, improve your health and is often just as quick and
convenient
...

 Responsible action on the part of companies, that is to say action that considers the
economic, environmental and social implications of their business, is referred to as corporate
social responsibility (CSR)
...

Pillars or components of Sustainable development
 The three pillars of sustainability
...
These may be
defined as: Environmental Sustainability: Environmental sustainability means that we are
living within the means of our natural resources
...
To live in true environmental sustainability we need to
ensure that we are consuming our natural resources, such as materials, energy fuels, land,
water
...

 Economic Sustainability: Economic sustainability requires that a business or country uses
its resources efficiently and responsibly so that it can operate in a sustainable manner to

Mr
...
Without an operational profit a business cannot
sustain it's activities
...

 Social Sustainability: Social sustainability is the ability of society, or any social system, to
persistently achieve a good social well being
...

 Taking these three pillars of sustainability further if we only achieve two out of three
pillars then we end up with:
o Social + Economic Sustainability = Equitable
o Social + Environmental Sustainability = Bearable
o Economic + Environmental Sustainability = Viable
 Only through balancing economic + social + environmental can we achieve true sustainability
and a truly circular economy
...

2) Stakeholder Needs
...
Economic sustainability involves
developing long-lasting systems of trade, while ensuring that these systems have a
lesser impact on the environment than previous methods
...

 Sustainability and Investment
o One reason for business becoming so interested in sustainability is that good business
practices are sought out by investors
...

o Investors may also look at the Life Cycle analysis of a business, which examines the
long-term environmental and carbon footprint of a product
...
Companies with proven records in
global and local sustainability can make profit through employee productivity, better

Mr
...
Global
companies such as Cadburys have made sustainability changes due to these
economic reasons
...
In
recent years, as the public has become more aware of the pressure on the
environment, it has become clear that businesses that practice sustainability
strategies are in fact getting greater profits, and creating their own consumer path
...
Sustainability has also been shown to produce new
demands and markets for businesses
...
Experts suggest that this is to improve their competitiveness
against other companies
...
Carbon emissions, water supply, and energy security are
now linked with business costs
...

 Sustainability and Business Practice
o Sustainability is good for businesses both as a long-term strategy to improve
employee confidence, and as a short term response to government legislation
...
Ethical business practices may also improve
competitiveness between businesses, encouraging growth and bigger profits
...
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The Triple Bottom Line:
1) People
...

3) Profit
...

o A resource-based view of a firm explains its ability to deliver sustainable competitive
advantage when resources are managed such that their outcomes cannot be imitated
by competitors, which ultimately creates a competitive barrier
o RBV explains that a firm’s sustainable competitive advantage is reached by virtue of
unique resources being rare, valuable, inimitable, non-tradable, and non-substitutable,
as well as firm-specific
o A firm may reach a sustainable competitive advantage through unique resources
which it holds, and these resources cannot be easily bought, transferred, or copied,
and simultaneously, they add value to a firm while being rare
...

o Varying performance between firms is a result of heterogeneity of assets and RBV is
focused on the factors that cause these differences to prevail
o Major concern in RBV is focused on the ability of the firm to maintain a combination of
resources that cannot be possessed or built up in a similar manner by competitors
...

o Reducing resources without changing work may generate some benefits in
organisations with excess resources
...
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o However, in many organisations people may initially work harder, but without
appropriate resources performance and customer service will suffer, customers will be
lost
o To achieve sustainable cost reductions it is therefore vital to determine how work will
change and ensure impacts on customers are managed
...

o This new stakeholder view of the firm goes beyond previous work on the triple bottom
line and balanced scorecard
...

o These sustainability accounting systems should have the purpose of broadening and
integrating the traditional financial approaches to corporate performance
measurement, taking stakeholder needs into due account
...
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Fair Trade (For Producers & Consumers):
 Fair Trade Standards
...

o key objectives of the standards are to:


ensure that producers receive prices that cover their average costs of
sustainable production;



provide an additional Fairtrade Premium which can be invested in projects that
enhance social, economic and environmental development;



enable pre-financing for producers who require it;



facilitate long-term trading partnerships and enable greater producer control
over the trading process;



set clear core and development criteria to ensure that the conditions of
production and trade of all Fairtrade certified products are socially,
economically fair and environmentally responsible
...

o All members of the organization need to have access to democratic decision-making
processes and as far as possible participate in the activities of the organization
...

 Fair Trade Minimum Premium Prices
...

o The Fairtrade Minimum Price aims to help producers cover the costs of sustainable
production
...

o Premium money in this sense is meant to improve the situation of workers, farmers
and local communities in health, education, environment, economy etc
...
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 Fairtrade standards and environmental practices
...

Topic 4
How does sustainability affect our businesses?
 1) Business Mission
 2) Business Strategy
 3) Business Vision
 4) Hiring
 5) The Supply Chain
Sustainability – A 3 Legged Stool:
Environmental Leg

Economic Leg

Social Leg

0 Pollution & Waste

Good Jobs

Working conditions

Renewable Energy

Fair wages

Health services

Conservation

Security

Education services

Restoration

Infrastructure

Community & Culture

Fair Trade

Social justice

5-Stage Sustainability Journey:
1) Pre-Compliance
...

a
...

a
...

a
...

a
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Stakeholder Theory vs
...

 According to the Stakeholder theory, managers are agents of stakeholders who must ensure
that the ethical rights of stakeholders are not violated and their legitimate interests are
balanced while making decisions
...

 On the other hand, shareholder theory asserts that shareholders give capital to a company’s
managers, who are supposed to spend corporate funds only in ways which have been
authorized by the shareholders
...
”
 Stakeholder theory demands that interests of all stakeholders should be considered even if it
reduces company profitability i
...
in shareholder theory, non-shareholders can be viewed as
“means” to the “ends” of profitability but under the stakeholder theory, the interests of many
non-shareholders are also viewed as “ends
...
Stakeholder theory ultimately aims for company’s continued existence, and it
must be achieved by balancing the interests of all stakeholders, including the shareholders,
whose interests are usually addressed through profits
...
Even competitors are sometimes counted as stakeholders –
their status being derived from their capacity to affect the firm and its stakeholders

Mr
...

 In line with the 2030 Agenda, the Egyptian Government has launched a working plan called
Egypt’s Vision 2030, also known as Sustainable Development Strategy (SDS), which
encompasses the economic, social and environmental dimensions of development
...
It is under
the SDS that all development plans in Egypt are incorporated while at the same time being
strongly guided by the SDGs
...
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Rapporteur
...

 Egypt presented its first Voluntary Review on the SDGs at the United Nations High Level
Political Forum on Sustainable Development in July 2016 and is among the 22 countries that
volunteered to report on the efforts undertaken to achieve this ambitious agenda
...

 Besides investing efforts into aligning national policies with SDGs, the Government of Egypt
has worked on specific projects that address the needs of youth, women and individuals with
special needs
...
6 million people by providing affordable homes to low-income households and the
Takaful and Karama social protection programme, which encourages children school
attendance and health monitoring
...
The Egyptian Government promotes successful
experiences in sustainable development through partnering with the Egyptian Agency for
Partnership for Development (EAPD) and with the Cairo Centre for Conflict Resolution and
Peacekeeping in Africa (CCCPA) in an effort to provide “African Solutions to African
Problems”
...
High
birth rate, brain drain phenomena, water scarcity, migration, discrimination against women
and girls, a growing informal sector, and instability in neighbouring states (especially Libya
and Syria) are only some of the many hindrances to sustainable development
...
Certainly, the UNDP continues to firmly support Egypt’s
efforts to increase ownership of the SDGs Agenda and build public participation leaving no
one behind
...
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The 17 sustainable development goals
 No poverty
 Zero hunger
 Good health and well-being
 Quality education
 Gender equality
 Clean water and sanitation
 Affordable and clean energy
 Decent work and economic growth
 Industry, innovation and infrastructure
 Reduced inequalities
 Sustainable cities and communities
 Responsible consumption
 Climate action
 Life below water
 Life on land
 Peace and justice strong institutions
 Partnerships for the goals
What are the tools companies can use?
1
...
Sharing best practices
3
...
Assessing impacts and dependencies
5
...

6
...


Mr
...

 Government and public policies establish the legal system and also the specific rules under
which all businesses operate
...

 Businesses are creations of government
...

 Government impacts the market economy through not only laws that govern the private
market system but also specific policies, regulations, judicial (court) decisions, taxes, and
government spending
...

 Public policies that address energy use and climate change in the United States and other
nations impact all businesses but has specific and important impact on businesses focused
on sustainability
Evolving theory on the role of government: by Adam Smith
...

 Smith highlighted the need for common physical infrastructure built with government funding,
such as roads and bridges
...
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The private market system
 The private market system in general works well to ensure efficient use of limited resources,
with efficiency defined as ensuring the best, most highly valued by society, use of resources
...

 The market on its own (without government) works best—and makes the most efficient use
of society’s limited resources—when public goods and externalities (see the more detailed
discussion that follows) are not involved
...


Public Policy
 Public policy is a complex and multifaceted process
...

 This includes many businesses, interest groups, and individuals competing and collaborating
to influence policymakers to act in a particular way and on a variety of policies
...

 The tactics can include lobbying, advocating their positions publicly, attempting to educate
supporters and opponents, and mobilizing allies on a particular issue
...

 Most often policy outcomes involve compromises among interested parties
...

 Other considerations include the policy’s political feasibility, whether a majority of others will
support the policy, and also how cost effective and efficient the policy would be in achieving
the desired outcome
...

a
...
Relevant
to sustainable businesses is the increasing public concern about the environment,

Mr
...
This is influencing public policy
through electoral politics, citizen rallies, and actions that affect governmental decision
makers
...

a
...
The Great Recession at the end of the first decade of the
twenty-first century enhanced interest and support for public investments and
incentives (including in energy efficiency and renewable energy) that could help to
create jobs
...

a
...
Technology is constantly changing and this affects the
business environment directly and also indirectly as public policies change with
technological inventions
...

4) Interest groups
...
Interest groups include business and trade associations, professional organizations,
labor unions, environmental advocacy organizations, and cause-oriented citizen
groups and lobbies
...

a
...
These associations act collectively to
promote public policies in the best interest of business in general and also in the
interest of specific industries and localities
6) Nongovernmental Organizations
...
A nongovernmental organization (NGO) is an organization that is not a private
company and does not have formal affiliation or representation with government
...
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private business behavior either directly by persuasion or protest or indirectly by being
influential in shaping public policy
...
This includes many environmental organizations
...

 First
o One perspective is for businesses to consider business and government on “two
sides” and in opposition to each other
o This perspective most often focuses businesses’ interactions with government on
efforts to minimize government and reduce the costs and burdens on private business
and the general economy associated with government taxes, regulations, and policies
...

 Third
o A third general view of businesses and government relations is with business in
partnership with government in addressing societal matters
...

Types of Business Responses:
1) Reactive “Confrontation”
...
Reactive responses involve responding to government policy after it happens
...
An interactive response involves engaging with government policymakers and actors
(including the media) to try to influence public policy to serve the interests of the
business

Mr
...

a
...
For most businesses, a combination of the interactive and proactive
approaches is the best approach

Market Failures and the Role of Public Policy
 Government interventions in a private market economy are intended to correct so-called
market failures or to achieve a societal objective
...
Market failures can justify government intervention on
market efficiency (economic) criteria
...
Government policies are also used to
address societal concerns that are associated with private market economies, such as
economic inequalities
...

 For example, when pollution produced by a private company negatively impacts the air
quality and natural environment and harms the health of others
...

 Government can constructively intervene when an externality in a private market transaction
has a negative impact on a third party and the third party does not receive any compensation
for the negative impact
...


...
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Failure to Assign Property Rights
 Externality problems often occur in market economies when property rights are not properly
assigned
...

 Climate change is a stark example of this because nobody “owns” the atmosphere and in
turn, humans have been able to add greenhouse gases to it without cost
...

 This can make environmental policy controversial, especially when you take what was a free
good—such as the ability to pollute at no cost—and put a price or cost on it
...

 In practice this means that collective or public authorities assume de facto ownership and
take action to restrict previously unlimited free access to resources, such as water or air, as
places to pollute
...

 While restrictions can benefit society at large by improving water and air quality, they can
come at a cost
...

 Use an incremental approach
...


Mr
...

 Be ready to change or adjust policies
...

o Policies are evaluated once they are vetted and tested after they are implemented;
experience provides opportunities for learning and adjustment
...

 Address problems institutionally on the same scale as the problem
...

o Problems should be addressed by institutions on the same scale as the problem
...

o Garbage disposal and the reuse of recycled materials is a wider area issue and would
require multilocal or regional entities to address
...

 Address uncertainty by erring on the side of reducing risk of environmental damage when
dealing with the possibility of significant environmental damage that is irreversible
...

o Ecosystem dynamics involve considerable uncertainties and could involve irrevocable
negative changes
...

Policy instruments (Taxes):
1) Taxing Bads
...
Taxes are a powerful, frequently used, policy instrument used to collect revenue to
support government policies and programs
...


Mr
...
The flip side to taxing is tax credits
...
Tax
credits are a popular policy instrument for sustainable business in the United States
...

 Environmental awareness in the twentieth century led to a large number of regulations to
protect people and the environment
...

 Bans, quotas, and standards of various sorts have been ordered by governments, and fines
or penalties are generally prescribed for violations
...
A ban is the simplest and best solution when an
emitted substance cannot be absorbed or broken down through natural processes; it
accumulates in the environment where it causes damage
...
They are a way to establish the maximum allowable
throughput of a substance and could be very effective in ensuring specific substances
only enter the economy at a sustainable level
...
While not used currently in the United States, rationing
is a public policy that has been used in the past
...

 Standards
o Standards are prescribed levels of performance enforced by law
...
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o Technology standards require polluters to use certain technologies, practices, or
techniques
...
Regulators then limit the amount of emissions by imposing
a cap on the total number of permits
...
RPS policies are
meant to encourage the development of new renewable energy resources and to help
maintain existing renewable energy resources
...

 Information
o Dissemination of information by a government body is an example of a policy
instrument that is often relatively simple and does not impose high cost on businesses

Sustainability and Innovation
Why Sustainability Entrepreneurship?
 Sustainable business is in large part about changing business practices
...

 Success in implementing sustainable business practices relies on entrepreneurship and
innovation
...

 They are fundamental for the success of start-up companies that are providing innovative
solutions to meet environmental or social challenges
...

Entrepreneurship

Mr
...
The meaning of entrepreneurship is derived from the French
seventeenth-century term for someone who “undertakes” and more specifically someone
who undertakes a specific project or activity
...

 Entrepreneurs take risks in starting new activities and take on significant personal
responsibility
...

 Entrepreneurship can be viewed as
o Recognizing change
o Pursuing opportunity
o Taking on risk and responsibility
o Innovating
o Making better (higher value) use of resources
o Creating new value that is meaningful to customers
o Doing it all over again and again
Opportunities for Entrepreneurs
 Many different conditions in society can create entrepreneurial opportunities for new goods
and services
...
At a broad societal level,
they are present as the result of forces—such as changes in knowledge and understanding,
the development of a new technology, shifting demographics, political change, or changing
attitudes and norms—that give rise to new preferences and concerns
...
Related to sustainability concerns,
certain demographic shifts and pollution challenges create opportunities
...
A solution is just the
first step in the process, the entrepreneur must also investigate the economic value of and
business proposition emanating from that opportunity
...
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understand how their potential product or service provides value to a customer and whether
the amount a customer is willing to pay, which reflects the value of the product or service to
the customer, exceeds the costs to provide that value, product, or service to the customer
...

 An entrepreneur can come up with a new approach that meets a customer’s need or want,
but if not enough customers are willing or able to pay a price above the cost of that product
or service, it will not be financially viable
...
It can include the opportunity to create something
new, enhance one’s personal reputation, and make an impact or a difference in customers’
and employees’ lives and in society in general
...
The motivation for becoming an entrepreneur can also be driven
by a desire to be independent, to be your own boss, to make your own decisions, and to
make your own schedule
...

Intrapreneurship
 While entrepreneurship is normally thought of as starting a new business, it applies to
applying innovation to existing organizations
...

 Intrapreneurship applies the entrepreneurial mindset characterized by innovation, risk taking,
and flexibility to an established firm
...


Mr
...

The Keys to Successful Sustainability Entrepreneurship
 All the factors that are important to the entrepreneur in a standard business are critical to the
successful sustainable business
...

 For sustainable business practice, entrepreneurship is about constantly looking for innovative
ways to protect the environment or improve societal conditions by providing new goods,
services, or methods that reduce detrimental activities while also generating profits for the
entrepreneur
...

 From the business perspective, entrepreneurship and an entrepreneurial mind-set can be
advantageous
...

 It can also allow for the ability to focus on particular customers, such as the households most
interested in minimizing their environmental footprint even if that means having to purchase a
product or service at higher cost than a similar product or service
...
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to addressing societal problems, such as pollution, poor nutrition, and poverty, and are
interested in social change
...



It includes both the natural process and action programs initiated by members of society
...

 Many social entrepreneurs are engaged in nonprofit organizations
...

 Creating both private and societal value aligns well with the interests of the large percentage
of consumers
Innovation in Sustainable Businesses
 Innovation in business involves a change in a product offering, service, business model, or
operations that meaningfully improves the experience of a large number of stakeholders
...
”
 If a company redesigns its packaging to be more environmentally friendly, that’s a change
...

 And for an invention to be more than something new and creative, it should have broad
impact
...

 All of these stakeholders can potentially benefit from different types of innovations meant to
address sustainability
...

 Responding to an opportunity effectively often requires innovation
...


Mr
...


Importance of KPIs (Key Performance Indicators)
 A company will need to evaluate whether its focus is on continuous improvement in its own
individual actions or if it is measuring its performance relative to a broader target
 A key performance indicator is a performance measure from operational data that is used by
organizations to track a particular activity
...

 In SMART, a measure has a specific business purpose and is measurable, achievable, and
relevant to the success of the organization and can be measured over specific period of time
...
Data collection cost must be factored into performance
metric selection
...

 For some metrics, the business cost may be too high to justify the changes necessary to
collect the data required
...

SPIs are used as a tool to measure a company’s sustainability performance and to monitor
and report on future progress
...
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 Sustainability reporting is based on performance-based management and is a cycle to
promote continuous improvement
...
•
 Companies need to take into account their financial, human, and information technology
resources when selecting SPIs
...

 SPIs are used as a tool to measure a company’s sustainability performance and to monitor
and report on future progress
...

 Annual reports, eco-labels, benchmarking, and balanced score cards are examples of tools
and techniques used in sustainability reporting
4 Levels of Sustainability Monitoring
-

National Monitoring
...
For this reason, each country may
pursue its own set of national indicators
...

o global monitoring is a vital complement to national monitoring and reporting
...
A global dialogue on progress will also encourage knowledge-sharing and
reciprocal learning
...

o Regional monitoring will have an important role in fostering knowledge sharing,
reciprocal learning, and peer review
...
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regional challenges and opportunities, such as shared watersheds, regional conflicts,
or regional infrastructure
...

o Thematic communities – often under the leadership of specialized international
organizations – can develop specialist indicators for monitoring and accountability that
are tracked in countries across the globe
...


United Nations Leadership Council of Sustainable Development Report
-

The Leadership Council oversees the work of the Sustainable Development Solutions
Network
...


-

In 2012, UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon launched the UN Sustainable Development
Solutions Network (SDSN) to mobilize global scientific and technological expertise to
promote practical problem solving for sustainable development, including the design and
implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
...


-

Aim to accelerate joint learning and help to overcome the compartmentalization of technical
and policy work by promoting integrated approaches to the interconnected economic, social,
and environmental challenges confronting the world
...

 Agreed as a practical good starting point, the set of 230 global indicators proposed by the
Inter-Agency and Expert Group on SDG indicators (IAEG-SDGs) is a robust framework

Mr
...

 Acknowledging that the development of a high-quality indicator framework is a technical
process that will need to continue over time
 Global indicators are intended for the global follow-up and review of the 2030 Agenda and
are not necessarily applicable to all national contexts
...
Moreover, it is expected that additional indicators for
regional, national and subnational monitoring will be developed at the regional and national
levels
...
In this regard, capacity building will be particularly important for all countries,
including small island developing states (SIDs), least developed countries (LDCs),
landlocked developing countries (LLDCs) and other countries in special circumstances
...

What is Green Economy?
 The green economy can be thought of as private market efforts to address concerns about
sustainability
...
There is no single or standard definition of a “green job” or “the
green economy,” but it relates to industries involved in activities that address in some way
concerns about sustainability
...
One classification of the green economy divides them into five different major
categories of industries: energy efficiency, renewable energy, green transportation,
environmental services, and clean or smart technology
 Two areas of smart technology that deserve specific discussion are biotechnology and
“green” chemistry
...
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o Biotechnology, also known as “biotech,” involves engineering biological systems to
develop Commercial products
o Green chemistry is the design of chemical products or processes that reduce or
eliminate the generation of dangerous materials
How far are we from Green Economy?
 The key message emerging from the study is that Green Economy can be an effective tool in
transitioning Egypt into a sustainable development path that can address the main
challenges facing the country
...

 Studies should inform policy makers and businessmen about the financial and economic
viability of green investments and business
...

 There are four economic forms in the evolution of civilization: Brown Economy, Green
Economy, Blue Economy and Golden Economy
...
In the process of this form of
production, great amounts of carbon dioxide and soot are released into the atmosphere
...

 Green Economy indicates that people can achieve the highest economic production and
together with a minimum of emissions as well as with less resources consumption and
environmental costs, by which we can recycle the natural resources and ultimately realize a
mode of economic development which can merge the economical with environmental and
social benefits
...
Modern Blue Economy includes production
activities which were originally designed to develop marine ocean resources
...


Mr
...
) as basic energy supply
...

How to Measure Progress towards a Green Economy?
 The 2012 United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development (UNCSD), or “Rio+20
Summit”, confirmed that if countries, communities and businesses are seriously committed to
moving towards a green economy to achieve sustainable development and poverty
eradication, then they should consider establishing new measures and metrics that not only
reflect these goals, but also inspire action
...
They also provide a
mirror on the journey to an environmentally stable, economically sound and equitable society
...
There are many pathways depending
on a country’s endowments, priorities and policies
...
“Measuring Progress Towards a
Green Economy” is a practical guidebook that looks at how indicators can be used in a way
that specifically supports and tracks green economy policies
...

2) A green economy is central to poverty alleviation
...

4) A green economy substitutes renewable energy and low carbon technologies for fossil fuels
...

6) A green economy delivers more sustainable urban living and low carbon mobility
...


Mr
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 The role of the consumer is key in democratic societies with market economies
...

 Consumers also “punish” companies by boycotting their products if they disagree with their
behaviour
...

 Consumers play a very contradictory role in terms of promoting or deterring sustainability
...

o Where possible replace products by services and choose communal use of resources
(such as car-sharing), and last but not least
o Consume less
...

 Government should be increasing consumer awareness and concern , which will lead to
the increased consumer willingness
The challenges and importance of Sustainability for consumers in developing nations
 An important sustainable development challenge arises from unsustainable consumption and
production patterns that have evolved in developed countries, a pattern that is increasingly
being followed by developing countries
 Changing the production and consumption patterns of wealthier countries and consumers,
including dietary habits, could make a remarkable contribution to ensuring food and nutrition
security
...
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 This trend will need to be reversed in the context of more sustainable diets, but as long as
market prices do not reflect such scarcities, there will be insufficient incentives for
behavioural changes
...
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 The role of business – mainstreaming sustainable consumption
o The business case: Business approaches to sustainable consumption can be grouped
into three broad categories:
o Innovation – business processes for the development of new and improved products,
services and business are shifting to incorporate provisions for maximizing societal
value and minimizing environmental cost
o Choice influencing – the use of marketing and awareness-raising campaigns to enable
and encourage consumers to choose and use products more efficiently and
sustainably Choice editing – the removal of “unsustainable” products and services
from the marketplace in partnership with other actors in society
 The challenge ahead & options for change
o To be able to lead sustainable lifestyles based on informed purchasing decisions and
changes in behavior, consumers need the support of all actors: business,
governments and civil society
o Business sees a need for further dialogue with stakeholders (such as consumers,
retailers, marketers, policy-makers, NGOs) and between businesses to define
sustainable products and lifestyles and to formulate actionable responses
o Leading businesses have the capacity to mainstream sustainable consumption and
stakeholders welcome the opportunity to work alongside business moving forward
...

 Sustainable consumption is a systemic challenge that requires all factors in society to
work together throughout implementing Sustainability in the Marketplace within The
New Equation:

Mr
...
Islam Yusri
01228860960



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