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Title: Cranberries: A Boon
Description: Health and medicinal benefits of cranberry fruit including various topics like history, plant profile, chemistry, Nutritional report, medicinal and cosmetic uses, mechanisms and its effects.
Description: Health and medicinal benefits of cranberry fruit including various topics like history, plant profile, chemistry, Nutritional report, medicinal and cosmetic uses, mechanisms and its effects.
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CRANBERRIES: A BOON
Cranberries:
A Boon
1
CRANBERRIES: A BOON
INDEX
S
...
no
...
In Britain, cranberry may refer to the native species
Vaccinium oxycoccos, while in North America; cranberry may refer to Vaccinium
macrocarpon
...
) long and 5-20 cm (2-8
inches) in height, they have slender, wiry stems that are not thickly woody and have small
evergreen leaves
...
They are pollinated by bees
...
It is edible with an acidic taste that can overwhelm its sweetness
...
They can be found in acidic bags throughout the cooler regions of the northern
hemisphere
...
Wetlands are nature’s sponges; they store and purify water and help to maintain the water
table
...
These beds are
commonly known as bogs or marshes and were originally formed as a result of glaciel
deposits
...
In the early 1800s Henry Hall, a veteran of revolutionary war
who lived in Dennis Massachusetts noticed that sand blown in from nearby dunes helped
vines grow faster
...
The sand not
only helps the vines grow but also slows the growth of weeds and insects
...
Cranberries are grown through the northern part of the United States
...
Other regions grow cranberries as well, to varying extent, and these include Delaware,
Maine, Michigan, New York, Rhode Island, as well as the provinces of New Brunswick, Nova
Scotia and Ontario
...
These regions offer the special conditions
that cranberries require, including sandy soil; abundant fresh water and a dormancy period
that provides enough chill hours to produce a crop the following growing season
...
Subgenus Oxycoccus, sect
...
Subgenus Oxycoccus, sect
...
American whalers and mariners carried cranberries on their voyages to
prevent scurvy
...
By 1817, the first association of cranberry growers in the United States had
formed and now US farmers harvest approximately 40,000 acres of cranberries each year
...
1856
The cranberry and its culture published by Benjamin Eastwood
1863
US department of agriculture created Massachusetts agriculture college
1870
Six quart pail used as standard picking measure
1888
Cape Cod Cranberry Growers Association formed in Massachusetts
1907
First market cooperative founded, New England Cranberry Sales company
1912
Hayden cranberry separator patented
...
1920
Oscar Tervo invented first mechanical ride-on dry harvestor known as
Mathew-son
7
CRANBERRIES: A BOON
1923
Bailey Separator patented to grade and separate cranberries by bouncing the
berries
1959
Cranberry scare causes industry market crash
1960’s
First successful water harvesting
1970’s
Integrated Pest Management programme developed
1980’s
International markets developed for cranberries; demand for cranberry juice
and juice blends rise dramatically
1990’s
Diversified cranberry products become ingredients in the other foods,
demand for cranberry products continued to grow cranberry prices reach an
historic high
1997
Supply of cranberries, plus other economic and business hurdles cause a
dramatic drop in cranberry prices
2000’s
With cranberry supply better matching demand, cranberry prices begin to
stabilize and the industry begins to return to profitability
8
CRANBERRIES: A BOON
Chemistry of Cranberries
9
CRANBERRIES: A BOON
Nutritional Report
Raw 1\2 cup (55gms)
Water- 47
...
21 gm
Total lipid (fat)- 0
...
71 gm
Fiber (total dietary)- 2
...
2 gm
Cholesterol- 0 gm
Calcium- 4 mg
Iron- 0
...
06 mg
Vitamin C- 7
...
007 mg
Riboflavin- 0
...
056 mg
Vitamin B6- 0
...
66 mg
Vitamin D- 0 IU
Vitamin K- 2
...
Cranberries are thought to provide health benefits due to their flavonoid and
phytonutrient content
...
These naturally occurring compounds have antioxidant and antimicrobial benefits
that are evident in the oral cavity, gastrointestinal (GI) tract and urinary tract
...
A specific type of flavonoid, proanthocyanidins (PAC) in cranberries provide urinary
tract benefits by interfering with the ability of pathogenic P-fimbriated E
...
4
...
Figure: Nutritional Facts
11
CRANBERRIES: A BOON
Medicinal Uses
1
...
Anti-tumour properties
3
...
Combats tooth decay
5
...
Fights common infections
7
...
Prevents scurvy
9
...
Aids weight loss
11
...
Curbs yeast infection
13
...
Treatment to oily skin
2
...
Skin protection and makes it healthy
4
...
Treatment of acne
6
...
Hair colour
2
...
Treatment of dandruff
12
CRANBERRIES: A BOON
Possible Chemo preventive Mechanisms and Effects
1
...
This activity may be associated with the presence of quercetin, UA and\or PACs,
which are all known to induce apoptosis
...
Matrix Metalloprotective Inhibitor- Phytochemicals from whole cranberry fruit may
act against cancers by limiting the process involved in tumour invasion and
metastasis, particularly the expression of MMPs involved in remodelling the
extracellular matrix
...
Modulation of Ornithine decraboxylase- The biosynthesis and metabolism of
polyamine involved in cell proliferation is controlled by enzymes such as ODC and
spermidine N1- acetyltransferase and ODC can be affected by dietary polyphenolics
...
Helicobacter pylori Inhibition- It is positively associated with the incidence of gastric
cancer, thus the prevention of this infection may reduce cancer risk
...
coli adhesion,
cranberry components inhibit adhesion of H
...
The
cranberry polyphenolic extract and other polyphenol rich juice had a bactriostatic
effect on the growth of H
...
Figure: H
...
Evidence from Animal Models- Tumour growth inhibition by cranberry in an animal
model was first reported in 2006 by a group of Canadian researchers
...
Mice in the treatment groups were intra-peritoneally injected with either a flavonoidrich aqueous extract from cranberry press cake or a PAC fraction prepared from the
whole fruit extract from cranberry press cake or PAC fraction prepared from the
whole fruit extract
100 gm/kg body weight PAC fraction
250 mg/kg press cake extract
Above two measures were administered 10 times continuously for 24 days
...
Figure: Tumour growth inhibition by cranberry in an animal model
6
...
Cyclooxygenase (COX) is a key enzyme in the biosynthetic pathways to
prostaglandins, which have many physiological roles, including the production of an
anti-inflammatory response
...
The COX-2 is highly
expressed in tumour cells/tissues
...
17
CRANBERRIES: A BOON
Cranberry: Marketed Products
1
...
Fruit Concentrate
19
CRANBERRIES: A BOON
3
...
no
...
coli to AB Howell et
...
Uroepithelial cell surfaces by proanthocyanidine extracts
from Cranberries
2
Bioactive compounds in cranberries and their role in AB Howell et
...
prevention of urinary tract infections
3
Cranberries for preventing urinary tract infections
RG Jepson et
...
4
Consumption of sweetened dried cranberries versus JA Greenberg et
...
unsweetened raisins for inhibiton of uropathogenic E
...
al
...
al
...
al
...
al
...
al
...
al
...
al
...
al
...
al
...
al
...
)using highperformance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry
15
Nitrogen for bearing cranberries in North America
16
Cranberries (Vaccinium macrocarpon) and cardiovascular DL McKay et
...
disease risk factors
21
J Davenport et
...
CRANBERRIES: A BOON
17
Nectar productin of cranberries: genotype differences and JH Cane et
...
insensitivity to soil fertility
18
Oxygen radical absorbing capacity of phenolics in W Zheng et
...
blueberries, cranberries, chokeberries, and lingonberries
19
Experimental and research work on fruit speciesof the G Liebster et
...
genus Vaccinium in Germany
20
A systematic review of the evidence for cranberries and RG Jepson et
...
blueberries in UTI prevention
21
The aroma of cranberries
...
Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait
K Anjou et
...
22
Reduction of bacteriuria and pyuria after after ingestion of J Avorn et
...
cranberry juice
23
Cranberry pests and diseases in New Zealand
SA Miller et
...
24
Forecasting flight activity of Sparganothis sulfureana SD Cockfield et
...
(Lepidotera: Tortricidae) in cranberries
25
Vitamine C content in Latvian cranberries dried in K Dorofejeva et
...
convective and microwave vacuum driers
26
Botanical
perspectives
on
health:
of
cystitis
and N Patel et
...
cranberries
27
Microbial inhibitors of cranberries
AG Marwan et
...
28
Sex, pain and cranberries: ideas from the 2006 Registrar T Duncan et
...
Research workshop
29
The therapeutic value of cranberries in treating and AM Eichhorst et
...
preventing urinary tract infections
30
22
The aroma of cranberries
T Hirvi et
...
CRANBERRIES: A BOON
Future directions for Research on Cranberries and diseases
1
...
2
...
3
...
4
...
5
...
6
...
7
...
8
...
9
...
10
...
23
CRANBERRIES: A BOON
24
Title: Cranberries: A Boon
Description: Health and medicinal benefits of cranberry fruit including various topics like history, plant profile, chemistry, Nutritional report, medicinal and cosmetic uses, mechanisms and its effects.
Description: Health and medicinal benefits of cranberry fruit including various topics like history, plant profile, chemistry, Nutritional report, medicinal and cosmetic uses, mechanisms and its effects.