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Communications
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What are active and passive attacks?
 Passive attacks include releasing of your email to other people without your
consent
 Active attacks include modification of your email message and even denial of
service (by spamming email with so many messages that clogs up your computer
and makes access to internet impossible)
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What is a spam?
 Spam is an unsolicited email sent over the internet
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What are some of the disadvantages of spam?
 It uses up peoples time
 It generally annoys people
 It uses valuable bandwidth on the internet slowing it down
 It can have viruses attached to it or even be a part of the phishing scam
 It can clog up users inboxes
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It is easier to forget if the persons email address is being typed manually
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Other services include
transfer of files using ftp and emailing and chatting
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What is cloud storage?
Cloud storage is form of data storage where data is stored on offsite servers in many
locations
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The same
data is stored on more than one server in case of maintenance or repair so that the
client could be able to access the data anytime
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Advantages of Cloud storage
 Customer files can be accessed from anywhere at any time in the world
provided that user has access to the internet
 Users don’t need to carry external storage with them and also it’s not necessary
for the user to use the same computer for accessing the files
 The cloud provides the user with remote data with obvious advantage to
alleviate data loss
 In case of hard disc failure or backup data, the cloud storage allows the recovery
of data
 The cloud company provides its customers with almost unlimited data storage
 The ability to synchronize data ensures that the data is updated across all
devices
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What is HTTP?
 Protocols are a set of rules that must be obeyed by the sender and recipient
when data is transferred between devices
 Hypertext Transfer Protocol is a set of rules that must be obeyed for
transmission of data over the internet
 When a web page is being accessed, “http://” is typed before the address to
inform the browser that the transmission of data is using Hypertext Transfer
Protocol
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Features of the web browser
 They all have a homepage
 They all have the ability to store user’s favorite website
 They have the ability to store history of web pages accessed by the user
 They can move backward or forward to web pages
 They have hyperlinks that allow the user to navigate through the web page
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com,
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gov)
 Path: It is a web page (if not mentioned redirects to root directory)
 Filename: It is an item on the web page
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What are the differences between HTTP and FTP?
HTTP
FTTP
 It is used to access the world wide web
  It’s used to download from the web servers  It is used to download from the file server
 It transfers the content of the web page
 It transfers the files from one device to the
from browsing purposes
other and copies it into the memory
 It is used in cases where file size is small
 Used in cases where file sizes are large
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What are the features of Blogs?
 They are in reverse chronological order
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What are different types of a blog?
 Microblogs are similar to blogs but are used by the social media to make short
and frequent posts
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Social networking websites use them to allow
members to update their profile for example
 B-blogs are a short term for business blogs which are used by businesses to
promote themselves on the internet
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They are often known as “web pages with an button”
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What are social networking sites?
 Social networking sites focus on building online communities of people who
share the same interests and activities
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 The members do this by creating public profiles and thus forming relationships
with other users
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Features of social media
 Each member is given free web space
 Each member can build their own public and private profiles
 All users can upload content like text, videos and photos
 Users have the ability to write on each other’s walls
 They are provided access to free instant messaging and video chatting
 They can email members within the community
 They can create their own pages and post content like articles
 They can invite other members to be their friends
 Members have control over who can access their private or public account
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Advantages of internet
 Information on internet is up-to-date as it is easier to amend data on internet
than for example reprint the book
 Internet has almost limitless amount of information
 It is easier to search for information on a search engine
 You can search for internet living in the comfort of your own home
 Information on the internet is usually free
 It possible to add multimedia elements like presentation and animation which
makes learning more interesting and easily understood
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Why are internet searches to find information not always fast?
 When using internet to search for information, there is a possibility of
information overload
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Until the user doesn’t narrow down on the search, it can take a
long time for the user to find the information
 Although search engine companies deny it, certain links to the websites are
always found on the top of the screen
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 Search engines also rank the time it takes to pages to load up pages from
websites
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gov, org,

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If it Is recent, information likely to be reliable
 Compare the information on that site to other reliable sites and or
authenticated student books



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Title: ICT IGCSE
Description: Latest (for 2017-2019) IGCSE ICT notes for communications chapter!

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