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Assignment 2
Group 13
TITLE – SHIMOGA Region

Agriculture

TOPICS INCLUDED –
1- Introduction to Shimoga
a
...

b
...

2- Agricultural Ecosystem in Shimoga
a
...
Are green fields increased or decreased
...
Per capita holding of land
...
Assessment of soil health
...
Productivity Index
...
Average Temperature Change
...
Residential Area
...
Economy
...
Ecology
...
Equity – It is not done in class
...
Aquatic Ecosystem and The Agro Ecosystem in Shimoga
b
...
Tunga river and shimoga
d
...
Rainfall

b
...

d
...

f
...


Introduction to Shimoga:
Shimoga is one among the famous city in the state of Karnataka and it
has been locally known as Shiva-Mogga
...
The city is 569 m
above sea level and is surrounded by lush green paddy fields
...
In the years 1901–1970, Shimoga received an average annual rainfall
of 1813
...
The
average annual temperature of Shimoga District is around 26 °C
...
In some regions of the
district, the day temperature can reach 40 °C during summer
...
The climate of Shimoga is tropical wet and
dry and during the summer season, an average temperature of about 20 to 35
degree Celsius can be found
...
As Shimoga is
surrounded by hills, the rainfall in the city is high and one can witness lush
greenery all around the city
...
Generally, the weather is
hot and humid in the eastern part and very pleasant in the remaining parts of

the area
...
The evapotranspiration is normally high
in ghat section as compared to plain in the east
...
The
winter commences in mid-November and ends in the middle of February
...
Karnataka is the largest
producer of arecanut in India, the majority of which is cultivated in the
Shimoga district
...
35% of its land under cultivation
...
24% of the net sown area
...
Pulses are scanty
...
The other Horticulture Crops are Coconut, Areca nut,
Cashew, Ginger, Pepper, Cardamom, Vanilla, Chilies, Tomato, Bhendi,
Watermelon, Muskmelon, Mango, Banana, Sapota, Pineapple, Chrysanthemum,
Jasmine and Tuberose
...
About agro ecosystem and main components
...

And it’s component list as given above
...


2
...
One image

Agriculture land in 1997

Agriculture land in 2017

3
...

In that total area 276855 hectares area is forest and total cropped
area 267221 hectares, 31
...


4- Assessment of soil health
...
Earthworm presence, color of organic
matter,condition of plants roots,degree of subsurface compaction, degree of
water infiltration of water, PH,nutrient holding capacity are the indicators of soil
health
...
Grape is an important fruit crop of northern
parts of Karnataka and it is grown over 9000 hectors
...
The soil samples were analyzed for
various attributes
...
The soil pH of various grape fields
ranged from 7
...
8 slightly above the optimum range
...
18 to 1
...
The carbon content ranges from 0
...
01 kg/ha
...
5 kg/hector
...
The soil available phosphorous content range from 15
...
9 kg/hector which was medium in range
...


4
...

Way of quantifying productivity is to measure the amount of biomass in
wasted in the harvested product in relation to the total amount of standing
biomass Present in the rest of the system
...


(Total biomass accumulated in the system)
Productivity index(pi) = -------------------------------------------------------(Net primary productivity)

The productivity index provides a way of measuring the potential for an Agro
Ecosystem to sustainably produce a harvested yield
...
8 and it becomes 126
...
productivity of non food crops, fruits and vegetables and other mis
...

Residential Area:
 In year 2017:

 In year 2002:

 From these two maps we can easily say that residential area in year 2017
is denser in compare to year 2002
...
The farmers have cultivated crops like Vanilla
and Jatropha that has yielded high monetary benefits
...
85 billion contributing 2
...
It’s per capita annual income in the district being INR
...


However, the GDDP trend has been growing at 4
...

2- Ecology:
Land over analysis show vegetation has declined from 96
...
72% (in 2012)
...
Several
industries were started in the early decades before independence, primarily
to utilize the forest resources of the Western Ghats
...
A few other industries have sprung up based on the
mineral resources of the hills such as the steel works at Bhadravati
...
Pepper and cardamom,
which are native to the evergreen forests of the Western Ghats, were also
taken up as plantation crops on a more extensive scale in modern times
...

Water availability in agroecosystems depends not only on
infiltration and flow, but also on soil moisture retention, another type of
ecosystem service
...
Water storage in soil is regulated by plant cover, soil organic matter and the soil
biotic community (bacteria, fungi, earthworms, etc
...
Invertebrates that
move between the soil and litter layer influence water movement within soil, as
well as the relative amounts of infiltration and runoff
...

Increased concentrations of nitrogen in the streamside soils also
have the potential to influence stream water chemistry through release of this
element to the aquatic system
...

2- Fertilizer and Pesticides effects on aquatic regions
...
Both types of chemical tend to increase yields, and thus make a
significant difference in food production, particularly in countries that struggle
periodically with famines
...
There is also concern by some authorities that pesticides pose a risk, not
only to nontarget animal and plant species, but to humans as well
...

Farmers rotates crops less which led to more quickly to soil
exhausion
...

The downside of fertilizers is that some portion inevitably
washes into waterways along with eroded sediments
...
Eutrophication is a process whereby nitrogen
feeds an algal bloom, but when the short-lived algae die, decomposing
bacteria then consume most of the available oxygen, suffocating aquatic
life
...


b- Pestisides
...
Most people are exposed to a certain level of pesticides
...
Children, in
particular, may be more susceptible to negative effects resulting from
pesticide exposure
...
For example, roundup, an extremely
common herbicide used in agriculture, is highly toxic to fish and
amphibians
...


Agricultural potential in the Tunga basin is quite huge
...
Further, agriculture is the
most important sector of the economy and employment in the region
...
Both ground water and surface water meet the
drinking water requirements for various towns and villages across the basin
...
49 TMC ft per annum while the rest is from ground water
...

Groundwater mainly supplies to villages located in the TB basin through mini

water supply schemes, piped water supplies and other schemes
...

Rice farming is a wetland dependent activity and is
developed in riparian zones, river deltas and savannaha areas
...
About 1
...
Rice filds and fishponds come uder
wetlands, but they rarely function like natural wetlands
...
2 million ha of wetlands in India, 40
...

Rainfall in Tungbhadra basin
...


The culprit behind the poisoned river waters: industrial
effluents from 2 units located on the banks of the Tungabhadra -- the Harihar
Polyfibres (HPF) and Gwalior Rayon and Silk Manufacturers (GRASIM)
...
The institute took water
samples in September 1985 and June 1986 when the river was in full flow and
reported: "The river Tungabhadra is severely polluted near the outfall of Harihar
Polyfibres and Gwalior Rayon Factories
...
Aquatic life is completely absent
...
"

Effect of Agricultural Ecosystem on Forest ecosystem and also
Effect of Forest Ecosystem on Agricultural Ecosystem
...
So Shimoga region is under
the trocal rainy forest area
...
The evapo-transpiration is normally high in ghat section as compared to
plain in the east
...

CLASSIFICATION OF TALUKS ACCORDING TO NORTH-EAST MONSOON RAINFALL
PATTERN (OCTOBER – DECEMBER1997)

excess(>20%)
6

normal(-19% to 19%)
0

deficit(<-20%)
1

Total
7

Taluk wise rainfall data for the last 10 years suggest that average annual rain fall
in the district varies between 769
...
30 mm at Hosanagar located on western most part
of the district
...
90mm
...
mm
...
In last ten years the highest annual
rainfall of 4380
...
The
lowest annual rainfall of 407
...

The average annual rainfall for theperiod between 1996-1998 at all taluk
headquarters is less than the long term normal rain fall calculated for those places

except for Bhadravati and HosanAgara taluk head quarters
...
At Hosanagar for
the period between 1997 and 2001, the annual rainfall recorded is less than the
average calculated for last ten years
...
The taluk head quarters Sorab, which is the northern
most taluk, has recorded an average annual rainfall of 1404
...
The rainfall
pattern suggests a steady decline in rainfall as we move from west to east
...

The mean pre monsoon rainfall is 159mm, mean South West monsoon rainfall is
around 1460 mm and North East monsoon season is around 178 mm
...

1997:

2016-17:

2- soil erosion:
1997:
Soil Erosion
Number of
sample points
Mild
420
Moderate
16
Heavy
Nil
Total
436
2016-17:
Soil Erosion
Number of
sample points
Mild
532
Moderate
19
Heavy
Nil
Total
551

Area(km^2)

Percentage

4234
...
31
Nil
4395
...
3
3
...
45
161
...
76

85
...
5
Nil
100

3- Tree(vegetation) :
Southern tropical dry deciduous type:
This type of forests is seen in Puradal, Anesara, Sacrebyle,
Shankargudda, Kudi and part of Hanagere state forest
...
The second canopy consists of Wrightia
tinctoria, Zizyphus zuzuba, Santalum album, Emblica officinalis, Cassia fistula,
Shorea talura, Randia domatorum and bambbos etc
...

Southern tropical moist deciduous type:
This type of forest is seen on the western side of the sanctuary i
...

Bambusa aurundanasea and Dendrocalamus strictus occur throughout the
area
...


Semi evergreen type:
This type of forests is seen in parts of Hanagere state forests and
Kumadwathi state forests
...


4- Bio-diversity :
Here are two wildlife sanctuaries and one bird sanctuary in Shimoga
forest circle
...

The main crops grown in the district are paddy, ragi, jowar, maize, cotton,
chilly, groundnut, pulses, horse-gram, sugarcane, areca nut and sunflower
...


Predators: Panthers, Tigers, Indian wild dogs, Pythons and King Cobras, Jackals,
Hyenas and vultures
...


Carnivores: Tiger (Panthera tigris), Panther (Normal and Black) (Panthera
pardus), Wild Dogs (Cuon alpines), Wild cats (Felis chaus), Malabar civets
(Viverricule indica), Hyena
(Hyena hyena)

Herbivores: Sambar (Cervus unicolor),Barking Deer (Muntiocus muntjack),
Spotted Deer (Axis axis), Zusk Deer (Moschus moschiferus), Black naped hare
(Lepus nigricolis), The gaur (Bision) (Bos gaurus), Mouse Deer (Tragulus meninna)
...


Today, some biodiversity have been damaged
Animals : 20 species of mammals, 39 birds, 10 reptiles, 6 Amphibian and 15
fishes have been reported from the Sanctuary (2017)



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