Search for notes by fellow students, in your own course and all over the country.
Browse our notes for titles which look like what you need, you can preview any of the notes via a sample of the contents. After you're happy these are the notes you're after simply pop them into your shopping cart.
Title: Science Notes
Description: These are Grade 9 Pre-IB level notes. Some parts if chemistry have Grade 10 in it. These notes are also useful if you are not in the Pre-IB or IB program. These notes have everything like Chemistry, Physics and Biology. There are examples in the notes to help you.
Description: These are Grade 9 Pre-IB level notes. Some parts if chemistry have Grade 10 in it. These notes are also useful if you are not in the Pre-IB or IB program. These notes have everything like Chemistry, Physics and Biology. There are examples in the notes to help you.
Document Preview
Extracts from the notes are below, to see the PDF you'll receive please use the links above
SCIENCE FINAL EXAM REVIEW
Chemistry
WHIMS symbol:
Biohazardous:
Biohazardous Infectious Material
for organism or toxins that can
cause
diseases in people or animals
...
Skull and Crossbones:
Harmful or fatal even in small
quantities
Corrosion:
Causes severe skin burns and
eye
damage maybe corrosive to
metal
...
Flame:
Catches fire spontaneously
exposed
to air or water
...
Health Hazard:
May cause allergic reaction,
cancer,
birth defects, damage organs or
harm
fertility or unborn children
...
Exploding Bomb:
Explosion hazard, risk due to fire,
shock,
friction, or heat or pressure
...
Some
physical properties can be observed with our senses
...
Qualitative Physical Properties:
-color
-lustre
-texture
-clarity
-odor
-taste
-state
Hardness- the resistance of a substance to scratching
melting point
boiling point
solubility- the ability to dissolve in a solvent (like water)
viscosity- how easily a liquid flows
density –the ratio of mass: volume
A chemical property of a substance describes its behaviour as it becomes a new
substance
...
Chemical change: during a chemical change the original substance is turned into one or
more new substances that have different properties
...
e
...
Elements found in the periodic table:
Counting the number of atoms in a molecule:
EX: 1
...
Cu(NO3)2X 6H2O
1- Cu atom
2- N atoms
6- O atoms
12- H atoms
Ø H= 12X6, you multiply it because there are 6 water molecules
...
Total atoms= 1+2+6+12+6= 27
There are 27 atoms in total in the compound
...
Valence Electrons and Ionic Charges:
-charge on the ion is written as a superscript after the element symbol
Ø chlorine gains one electron to form chloride, Cl1Ø sulfur gains two electrons to form sulfide, S2Anion:
You can predict the negative charge on an anion by looking at the group number for the
atom
...
EX
...
EX
...
Cation:
Atoms of metals can be stripped of electrons to form cations
...
****Determined by the how many of valence electrons are removed or added
...
Sodium, Na, is in group 1
Ø loses one electron to form the sodium ion, Na1+
The charge is written after the symbol as a superscript
...
Barium, Ba, is in group 2
Ø Barium loses two electrons to form the calcium ion, Ba2+
Valence Electrons:
Ø Group 1: 1 valence electron
Ø Group 2: 2 valence electrons
Ø Group 13: 3 valence electrons
Ø Group 14: 4 valence electrons
Ø Group 15: 5 valence electrons
Ø Group 16: 6 valence electrons
Ø Group 17: 7 valence electrons
Ø Group 18: 8 valence electrons (except for helium, which has 2)
Ionic and Molecular Compounds:
****Cation (positive and metal ions)
****Anion (negative and non-metal ions)
EX
...
Fe2O3
O w/ charge of 3 and Fe w/ a charge of 2
...
Do the crisscross method, so Fe would have the charge of 3
and O would have a charge of 2
...
Write it in words: Iron (III) oxide
*Ionic compounds will contain both metals and non-metals, or at least one polyatomic
ion
...
Ø Such as NaCl, CaBr2, AlCl3
Some ions that are made completely of nonmetal can form ionic compounds
...
If you are given the compound name:
Positive:
*If the compound ends in -ate, -ite, ide,etc , there must be a polyatomic ion, therefore
the compound is ionic
...
Ø CO, CO2, NH3, N2O4
Starting can also be this for molecular compounds:
Negative- looses:
1 mono6 hexa2 di7 hepta3 tri8 octa4 tetra9 nona5 penta10 deca-
Ionic and Covalent bond:
Ionic Bonding:
Ionic bond- between two ions formed through the transfer of one or more electrons
Ionic bonding occurs between positive and negative ions, which attract each other and
bind together to form ionic compounds
...
Metal Ions: In some circumstances metal atoms may lose electrons
...
Non-metals: Non-metal atoms may gain electrons and become negatively charged
...
Ø have no free electrons and no ions
-non-metals combine together by sharing electrons
-the shared pair of electrons holds the two atoms together
...
Hydrogen (H2):
Structure- H-H
Model:
EX
...
Noble Gases:
Names:
- helium, neon (Ne)
-argon (Ar)
- krypton (Kr)
-xenon (Xe)
-radon (Rn)
Alkali Metals:
Names:
- lithium (Li)
- sodium (Na)
-potassium (K)
-rubidium (Rb)
-cesium (Cs)
-francium (Fr)
Alkaline Earth Metals:
Names:
- beryllium (Be)
-magnesium (Mg)
-calcium (Ca)
-strontium (Sr)
-barium (Ba)
Properties:
- reactive
-low melting point
-low boiling point
Properties:
-low melting point
-low boiling point
-non-reactive
Properties:
-reactive
-malleable
Properties:
-shiny
-low melting point
-low boiling point
-silvery-white
-low density
-radium (Ra)
Transition Metals:
Names: --------------------Properties:
-less reactive
-high melting points
-form coloured compounds
-malleable
Lanthanide:
Names:---------------------Properties:
-bright silvery colour
-reactive
-high melting points
-high boiling points
Actinide:
Names: ---------------------------Properties:
-radioactive
-silvery or silvery white luster in metallic form
Naming chemical compounds(simple ionic, tricky metals, polyatomic,
molecular):
Polyatomic Ions:
Metals are bonded to polyatomic ions, which consist of two or more atoms with one
overall charge
-endings: -ite and –ate , ide used only sometimes
...
Simple Ionic Compound:
1
...
identify the anion and the cation
3
...
Anion= Ca+2
Cation=Cl-1
Compound after the crisscross method: CaCl2
EX
...
EX
...
EX
...
EX
...
Writing formulas for compounds:
1
...
Identify the valence or charge of each symbol and place it in parenthesis just
above the symbol and place it in parenthesis just above the symbol
3
...
We must
have the same number of positive charges as we do of negative charges
...
Once you have determined the number of units of the cation and anion those
become the subscripts
EX
...
Identify the symbols of the cation and anion
...
2
...
Balance the positive and negative charges
...
The numbers outside the parenthesis become
the subscripts in the formula
...
Write the formula placing the subscripts right after the symbol they go with
...
In this step, add up the total number
of valence electrons from all the atoms in the molecule
...
Step 5: Place remaining electrons around the central atom
...
Subtracting the number in Step 1 from the number in Step 2 gives you the
number of electrons you need to complete the outer circle
...
Determine the reactants for the equation and write them on the left-hand side
...
2
...
Reactant: calcium chloride and sodium sulfate
Product: calcium sulfate and sodium chloride
...
CaCl(2) + Na(2)SO(4) --->
2
...
2
...
EX
...
CH4+O2--------CO2+H2O
2
...
CH4+2O2------CO2+2H2O
Physics
Law of Attraction and Repulsion- positive, negative and neutral
objects:
-negatively charged objects have gained electrons
-positively charged objects have lost electrons
CHARGED OBJECTS:
Objects with the same charge repel each other
...
*LAW OF ATTRACTION AND REPULSION: LIKE CHARGES REPEL AND UNLIKE
CHARGES ATTRACT
...
A portable hair dryer, plugged into a 110V outlet, has a current of 10A flowing
through it
...
EX
...
0min
...
50A V=110V
R: P=?
A: P=IxV
S: P=O
...
00W
S: The bulb uses 55
...
Ohms law and the units of measurements for R,V,I:
Ohms law is used for calculating potential difference, current and resistance
...
When a switch is in series with a
device, it controls the device, allowing us to switch it on and off
...
1
...
3
...
1
...
The steam turns the pinwheel
...
Wire coil spins within magnet
3
...
1
...
2
...
Heat is turned into electricity
Alternate (renewable) forms of producing
energy(advantages/disadvantages):
Wind
Pros
Geothermal
solar
-no pollution
-small scale
application
-no pollution
-portable
-few good locations
-CO2 is released
-no power at night
-expensive
-small or large
scale
Cons
-no power on calm
days
-expensive
Biology
Sources of energy for all living things:
-light from the sun
Pyramid of energy- calculating loss at each trophic level:
Energy- only 10% is transferred to the next trophic level
...
1
...
2
...
3
...
When organisms die, some of the carbon compounds are fossilized and stored in
the Earth
...
Combustion: when fossil fuels and other organic materials are burned, carbon
compounds are released
...
2
...
4
...
Bio accumulation is the concentration of a substance, such as a pesticide in the body of
an organism
...
Earth-centered vs
...
The sun-centered model could
also explain the retrograde motion of the planets
...
outer):
The inner planets are:
-less dense
-rocky
The outer planets are:
-more dense
-not rocky
-made up of gases
-bigger in size
Sun’s energy process:
-energy is produced through nuclear fusion
-heat and pressure that exists within the sun can squeeze two atoms of hydrogen
together in order to form an atom of helium
...
Life cycle of a star:
All stars begin their lives as clouds of gas called nebulae
...
SCIENCE FINAL EXAM REVIEW
Chemistry
WHIMS symbol:
Biohazardous:
Biohazardous Infectious Material
for organism or toxins that can
cause
diseases in people or animals
...
Skull and Crossbones:
Harmful or fatal even in small
quantities
Corrosion:
Causes severe skin burns and
eye
damage maybe corrosive to
metal
...
Flame:
Catches fire spontaneously
exposed
to air or water
...
Health Hazard:
May cause allergic reaction,
cancer,
birth defects, damage organs or
harm
fertility or unborn children
...
Exploding Bomb:
Explosion hazard, risk due to fire,
shock,
friction, or heat or pressure
...
Some
physical properties can be observed with our senses
...
Qualitative Physical Properties:
-color
-lustre
-texture
-clarity
-odor
-taste
-state
Hardness- the resistance of a substance to scratching
melting point
boiling point
solubility- the ability to dissolve in a solvent (like water)
viscosity- how easily a liquid flows
density –the ratio of mass: volume
A chemical property of a substance describes its behaviour as it becomes a new
substance
...
Chemical change: during a chemical change the original substance is turned into one or
more new substances that have different properties
...
e
...
Elements found in the periodic table:
Counting the number of atoms in a molecule:
EX: 1
...
Cu(NO3)2X 6H2O
1- Cu atom
2- N atoms
6- O atoms
12- H atoms
Ø H= 12X6, you multiply it because there are 6 water molecules
...
Total atoms= 1+2+6+12+6= 27
There are 27 atoms in total in the compound
...
Valence Electrons and Ionic Charges:
-charge on the ion is written as a superscript after the element symbol
Ø chlorine gains one electron to form chloride, Cl1Ø sulfur gains two electrons to form sulfide, S2Anion:
You can predict the negative charge on an anion by looking at the group number for the
atom
...
EX
...
EX
...
Cation:
Atoms of metals can be stripped of electrons to form cations
...
****Determined by the how many of valence electrons are removed or added
...
Sodium, Na, is in group 1
Ø loses one electron to form the sodium ion, Na1+
The charge is written after the symbol as a superscript
...
Barium, Ba, is in group 2
Ø Barium loses two electrons to form the calcium ion, Ba2+
Valence Electrons:
Ø Group 1: 1 valence electron
Ø Group 2: 2 valence electrons
Ø Group 13: 3 valence electrons
Ø Group 14: 4 valence electrons
Ø Group 15: 5 valence electrons
Ø Group 16: 6 valence electrons
Ø Group 17: 7 valence electrons
Ø Group 18: 8 valence electrons (except for helium, which has 2)
Ionic and Molecular Compounds:
****Cation (positive and metal ions)
****Anion (negative and non-metal ions)
EX
...
Fe2O3
O w/ charge of 3 and Fe w/ a charge of 2
...
Do the crisscross method, so Fe would have the charge of 3
and O would have a charge of 2
...
Write it in words: Iron (III) oxide
*Ionic compounds will contain both metals and non-metals, or at least one polyatomic
ion
...
Ø Such as NaCl, CaBr2, AlCl3
Some ions that are made completely of nonmetal can form ionic compounds
...
If you are given the compound name:
Positive:
*If the compound ends in -ate, -ite, ide,etc , there must be a polyatomic ion, therefore
the compound is ionic
...
Ø CO, CO2, NH3, N2O4
Starting can also be this for molecular compounds:
Negative- looses:
1 mono6 hexa2 di7 hepta3 tri8 octa4 tetra9 nona5 penta10 deca-
Ionic and Covalent bond:
Ionic Bonding:
Ionic bond- between two ions formed through the transfer of one or more electrons
Ionic bonding occurs between positive and negative ions, which attract each other and
bind together to form ionic compounds
...
Metal Ions: In some circumstances metal atoms may lose electrons
...
Non-metals: Non-metal atoms may gain electrons and become negatively charged
...
Ø have no free electrons and no ions
-non-metals combine together by sharing electrons
-the shared pair of electrons holds the two atoms together
...
Hydrogen (H2):
Structure- H-H
Model:
EX
...
Noble Gases:
Names:
- helium, neon (Ne)
-argon (Ar)
- krypton (Kr)
-xenon (Xe)
-radon (Rn)
Alkali Metals:
Names:
- lithium (Li)
- sodium (Na)
-potassium (K)
-rubidium (Rb)
-cesium (Cs)
-francium (Fr)
Alkaline Earth Metals:
Names:
- beryllium (Be)
Properties:
- reactive
-low melting point
-low boiling point
Properties:
-low melting point
-low boiling point
-non-reactive
Properties:
-reactive
-malleable
Properties:
-shiny
-magnesium (Mg)
-calcium (Ca)
-strontium (Sr)
-barium (Ba)
-radium (Ra)
-low melting point
-low boiling point
-silvery-white
-low density
Transition Metals:
Names: --------------------Properties:
-less reactive
-high melting points
-form coloured compounds
-malleable
Lanthanide:
Names:---------------------Properties:
-bright silvery colour
-reactive
-high melting points
-high boiling points
Actinide:
Names: ---------------------------Properties:
-radioactive
-silvery or silvery white luster in metallic form
Naming chemical compounds(simple ionic, tricky metals, polyatomic,
molecular):
Polyatomic Ions:
Metals are bonded to polyatomic ions, which consist of two or more atoms with one
overall charge
-endings: -ite and –ate , ide used only sometimes
...
Simple Ionic Compound:
1
...
identify the anion and the cation
3
...
Anion= Ca+2
Cation=Cl-1
Compound after the crisscross method: CaCl2
EX
...
EX
...
EX
...
EX
...
Writing formulas for compounds:
1
...
Identify the valence or charge of each symbol and place it in parenthesis just
above the symbol and place it in parenthesis just above the symbol
3
...
We must
have the same number of positive charges as we do of negative charges
...
Once you have determined the number of units of the cation and anion those
become the subscripts
EX
...
Identify the symbols of the cation and anion
...
2
...
Balance the positive and negative charges
...
The numbers outside the parenthesis become
the subscripts in the formula
...
Write the formula placing the subscripts right after the symbol they go with
...
In this step, add up the total number
of valence electrons from all the atoms in the molecule
...
Step 5: Place remaining electrons around the central atom
...
Subtracting the number in Step 1 from the number in Step 2 gives you the
number of electrons you need to complete the outer circle
...
Determine the reactants for the equation and write them on the left-hand side
...
2
...
Reactant: calcium chloride and sodium sulfate
Product: calcium sulfate and sodium chloride
...
CaCl(2) + Na(2)SO(4) --->
2
...
2
...
EX
...
CH4+O2--------CO2+H2O
2
...
CH4+2O2------CO2+2H2O
Physics
Law of Attraction and Repulsion- positive, negative and neutral
objects:
-negatively charged objects have gained electrons
-positively charged objects have lost electrons
CHARGED OBJECTS:
Objects with the same charge repel each other
...
*LAW OF ATTRACTION AND REPULSION: LIKE CHARGES REPEL AND UNLIKE
CHARGES ATTRACT
...
A portable hair dryer, plugged into a 110V outlet, has a current of 10A flowing
through it
...
EX
...
0min
...
50A V=110V
R: P=?
A: P=IxV
S: P=O
...
00W
S: The bulb uses 55
...
Ohms law and the units of measurements for R,V,I:
Ohms law is used for calculating potential difference, current and resistance
...
When a switch is in series with a
device, it controls the device, allowing us to switch it on and off
...
1
...
3
...
1
...
The steam turns the pinwheel
...
Wire coil spins within magnet
3
...
1
...
2
...
Heat is turned into electricity
Alternate (renewable) forms of producing
energy(advantages/disadvantages):
Wind
Pros
Geothermal
solar
-no pollution
-small scale
application
-no pollution
-portable
-few good locations
-CO2 is released
-no power at night
-expensive
-small or large
scale
Cons
-no power on calm
days
-expensive
Biology
Sources of energy for all living things:
-light from the sun
Pyramid of energy- calculating loss at each trophic level:
Energy- only 10% is transferred to the next trophic level
...
1
...
2
...
3
...
When organisms die, some of the carbon compounds are fossilized and stored in
the Earth
...
Combustion: when fossil fuels and other organic materials are burned, carbon
compounds are released
...
2
...
Tertiary consumer
Secondary consumer
Primary consumer
4
...
Bio accumulation is the concentration of a substance, such as a pesticide in the body of
an organism
...
Earth-centered vs
...
The sun-centered model could
also explain the retrograde motion of the planets
...
outer):
The inner planets are:
-less dense
-rocky
The outer planets are:
-more dense
-not rocky
-made up of gases
-bigger in size
Sun’s energy process:
-energy is produced through nuclear fusion
-heat and pressure that exists within the sun can squeeze two atoms of hydrogen
together in order to form an atom of helium
...
Life cycle of a star:
All stars begin their lives as clouds of gas called nebulae
...
SCIENCE FINAL EXAM REVIEW
Chemistry
WHIMS symbol:
Biohazardous:
Biohazardous Infectious Material for organism or toxins that can cause
diseases in people or animals
...
Skull and Crossbones:
Harmful or fatal even in small quantities
Corrosion:
Causes severe skin burns and eye
damage maybe corrosive to metal
...
Flame:
Catches fire spontaneously if exposed
to air or water
...
Health Hazard:
May cause allergic reaction, cancer,
birth defects, damage organs or harm
fertility or unborn children
...
Exploding Bomb:
Explosion hazard, risk due to fire, shock,
friction, or heat or pressure
...
Some
physical properties can be observed with our senses
...
Qualitative Physical Properties:
-color
-lustre
-texture
-clarity
-odor
-taste
-state
Hardness- the resistance of a substance to scratching
melting point
boiling point
solubility- the ability to dissolve in a solvent (like water)
viscosity- how easily a liquid flows
density –the ratio of mass: volume
A chemical property of a substance describes its behaviour as it becomes a new substance
...
Chemical change: during a chemical change the original substance is turned into one or more
new substances that have different properties
...
e
...
Elements found in the periodic table:
Counting the number of atoms in a molecule:
EX: 1
...
Cu(NO3)2X 6H2O
1- Cu atom
2- N atoms
6- O atoms
12- H atoms
H= 12X6, you multiply it because there are 6 water molecules
...
Total atoms= 1+2+6+12+6= 27
There are 27 atoms in total in the compound
...
Valence Electrons and Ionic Charges:
-charge on the ion is written as a superscript after the element symbol
chlorine gains one electron to form chloride, Cl1sulfur gains two electrons to form sulfide, S2Anion:
You can predict the negative charge on an anion by looking at the group number for the atom
...
EX
...
EX
...
Cation:
Atoms of metals can be stripped of electrons to form cations
...
****Determined by the how many of valence electrons are removed or added
...
Sodium, Na, is in group 1
loses one electron to form the sodium ion, Na1+
The charge is written after the symbol as a superscript
...
Barium, Ba, is in group 2
Barium loses two electrons to form the calcium ion, Ba2+
Valence Electrons:
Group 1: 1 valence electron
Group 2: 2 valence electrons
Group 13: 3 valence electrons
Group 14: 4 valence electrons
Group 15: 5 valence electrons
Group 16: 6 valence electrons
Group 17: 7 valence electrons
Group 18: 8 valence electrons (except for helium, which has 2)
Ionic and Molecular Compounds:
****Cation (positive and metal ions)
****Anion (negative and non-metal ions)
EX
...
Fe2O3
O w/ charge of 3 and Fe w/ a charge of 2
...
Do the crisscross method, so Fe would have the charge of 3 and O would have a charge
of 2
...
Write it in words: Iron (III) oxide
*Ionic compounds will contain both metals and non-metals, or at least one polyatomic ion
...
Such as NaCl, CaBr2, AlCl3
Some ions that are made completely of nonmetal can form ionic compounds
...
If you are given the compound name:
Positive:
*If the compound ends in -ate, -ite, ide,etc , there must be a polyatomic ion, therefore the
compound is ionic
...
CO, CO2, NH3, N2O4
Starting can also be this for molecular compounds:
Negative- looses:
1 mono6 hexa2 di7 hepta3 tri8 octa4 tetra9 nona-
5 penta-
10 deca-
Ionic and Covalent bond:
Ionic Bonding:
Ionic bond- between two ions formed through the transfer of one or more electrons
Ionic bonding occurs between positive and negative ions, which attract each other and bind
together to form ionic compounds
...
Metal Ions: In some circumstances metal atoms may lose electrons
...
Non-metals: Non-metal atoms may gain electrons and become negatively charged
...
have no free electrons and no ions
-non-metals combine together by sharing electrons
-the shared pair of electrons holds the two atoms together
...
Hydrogen (H2):
Structure- H-H
Model:
EX
...
Noble Gases:
Names:
- helium, neon (Ne)
-argon (Ar)
Properties:
-low melting point
-low boiling point
- krypton (Kr)
-xenon (Xe)
-radon (Rn)
Alkali Metals:
Names:
- lithium (Li)
- sodium (Na)
-potassium (K)
-rubidium (Rb)
-cesium (Cs)
-francium (Fr)
Alkaline Earth Metals:
Names:
- beryllium (Be)
-magnesium (Mg)
-calcium (Ca)
-strontium (Sr)
-barium (Ba)
-radium (Ra)
Transition Metals:
Names: --------------------Properties:
-less reactive
-high melting points
-form coloured compounds
-malleable
Lanthanide:
Names:---------------------Properties:
-bright silvery colour
-reactive
-high melting points
-high boiling points
Actinide:
Names: ---------------------------Properties:
-radioactive
-non-reactive
Properties:
-reactive
-malleable
Properties:
-shiny
-low melting point
-low boiling point
-silvery-white
-low density
-silvery or silvery white luster in metallic form
Naming chemical compounds(simple ionic, tricky metals, polyatomic, molecular):
Polyatomic Ions:
Metals are bonded to polyatomic ions, which consist of two or more atoms with one overall
charge
-endings: -ite and –ate , ide used only sometimes
...
Simple Ionic Compound:
1
...
identify the anion and the cation
3
...
Anion= Ca+2
Cation=Cl-1
Compound after the crisscross method: CaCl2
EX
...
EX
...
EX
...
EX
...
Writing formulas for compounds:
1
...
Identify the valence or charge of each symbol and place it in parenthesis just above the
symbol and place it in parenthesis just above the symbol
3
...
We must have
the same number of positive charges as we do of negative charges
...
Once you have determined the number of units of the cation and anion those become
the subscripts
EX
...
Identify the symbols of the cation and anion
...
2
...
Balance the positive and negative charges
...
The numbers outside the parenthesis become the subscripts
in the formula
...
Write the formula placing the subscripts right after the symbol they go with
...
In this step, add up the total number of
valence electrons from all the atoms in the molecule
...
Step 5: Place remaining electrons around the central atom
...
Subtracting the number in Step 1 from the number in Step 2 gives you the number of electrons
you need to complete the outer circle
...
Determine the reactants for the equation and write them on the left-hand side
...
2
...
Reactant: calcium chloride and sodium sulfate
Product: calcium sulfate and sodium chloride
...
2
...
Count the atoms of each element in the reactants and the products
2
...
EX
...
CH4+O2--------CO2+H2O
2
...
CH4+2O2------CO2+2H2O
Physics
Law of Attraction and Repulsion- positive, negative and neutral objects:
-negatively charged objects have gained electrons
-positively charged objects have lost electrons
CHARGED OBJECTS:
Objects with the same charge repel each other
...
*LAW OF ATTRACTION AND REPULSION: LIKE CHARGES REPEL AND UNLIKE CHARGES
ATTRACT
...
A portable hair dryer, plugged into a 110V outlet, has a current of 10A flowing through it
...
EX
...
0min
...
50A V=110V
R: P=?
A: P=IxV
S: P=O
...
00W
S: The bulb uses 55
...
Ohms law and the units of measurements for R,V,I:
Ohms law is used for calculating potential difference, current and resistance
...
When a switch is in series with a device, it
controls the device, allowing us to switch it on and off
...
1
...
Turbine spins
3
...
1
...
The steam turns the pinwheel
...
Wire coil spins within magnet
3
...
1
...
2
...
Heat is turned into electricity
Alternate (renewable) forms of producing energy(advantages/disadvantages):
Wind Geothermal solar
Pros -no pollution
-small or large scale -small scale application
-no pollution
-portable
Cons -no power on calm days
-expensive
-few good locations
-CO2 is released
-no power at night
-expensive
Biology
Sources of energy for all living things:
-light from the sun
Pyramid of energy- calculating loss at each trophic level:
Energy- only 10% is transferred to the next trophic level
...
1
...
2
...
3
...
When organisms die, some of the carbon compounds are fossilized and stored in the
Earth
...
Combustion: when fossil fuels and other organic materials are burned, carbon
compounds are released
...
Tertiary consumer
2
...
Primary consumer
4
...
Bio accumulation is the concentration of a substance, such as a pesticide in the body of an
organism
...
Earth-centered vs
...
The sun-centered model could also explain the
retrograde motion of the planets
...
outer):
The inner planets are:
-less dense
-rocky
The outer planets are:
-more dense
-not rocky
-made up of gases
-bigger in size
Sun’s energy process:
-energy is produced through nuclear fusion
-heat and pressure that exists within the sun can squeeze two atoms of hydrogen together in
order to form an atom of helium
...
Life cycle of a star:
All stars begin their lives as clouds of gas called nebulae
...
SCIENCE FINAL EXAM REVIEW
Chemistry
WHIMS symbol:
Biohazardous:
Biohazardous Infectious Material for organism or toxins that can cause
diseases in people or animals
...
Skull and Crossbones:
Harmful or fatal even in small quantities
Corrosion:
Causes severe skin burns and eye
damage maybe corrosive to metal
...
Flame:
Catches fire spontaneously if exposed
to air or water
...
Health Hazard:
May cause allergic reaction, cancer,
birth defects, damage organs or harm
fertility or unborn children
...
Exploding Bomb:
Explosion hazard, risk due to fire, shock,
friction, or heat or pressure
...
Some
physical properties can be observed with our senses
...
Qualitative Physical Properties:
-color
-lustre
-texture
-clarity
-odor
-taste
-state
Hardness- the resistance of a substance to scratching
melting point
boiling point
solubility- the ability to dissolve in a solvent (like water)
viscosity- how easily a liquid flows
density –the ratio of mass: volume
A chemical property of a substance describes its behaviour as it becomes a new substance
...
Chemical change: during a chemical change the original substance is turned into one or more
new substances that have different properties
...
e
...
Elements found in the periodic table:
Counting the number of atoms in a molecule:
EX: 1
...
Cu(NO3)2X 6H2O
1- Cu atom
2- N atoms
6- O atoms
12- H atoms
H= 12X6, you multiply it because there are 6 water molecules
...
Total atoms= 1+2+6+12+6= 27
There are 27 atoms in total in the compound
...
Valence Electrons and Ionic Charges:
-charge on the ion is written as a superscript after the element symbol
chlorine gains one electron to form chloride, Cl1sulfur gains two electrons to form sulfide, S2Anion:
You can predict the negative charge on an anion by looking at the group number for the atom
...
EX
...
EX
...
Cation:
Atoms of metals can be stripped of electrons to form cations
...
****Determined by the how many of valence electrons are removed or added
...
Sodium, Na, is in group 1
loses one electron to form the sodium ion, Na1+
The charge is written after the symbol as a superscript
...
Barium, Ba, is in group 2
Barium loses two electrons to form the calcium ion, Ba2+
Valence Electrons:
Group 1: 1 valence electron
Group 2: 2 valence electrons
Group 13: 3 valence electrons
Group 14: 4 valence electrons
Group 15: 5 valence electrons
Group 16: 6 valence electrons
Group 17: 7 valence electrons
Group 18: 8 valence electrons (except for helium, which has 2)
Ionic and Molecular Compounds:
****Cation (positive and metal ions)
****Anion (negative and non-metal ions)
EX
...
Fe2O3
O w/ charge of 3 and Fe w/ a charge of 2
...
Do the crisscross method, so Fe would have the charge of 3 and O would have a charge
of 2
...
Write it in words: Iron (III) oxide
*Ionic compounds will contain both metals and non-metals, or at least one polyatomic ion
...
Such as NaCl, CaBr2, AlCl3
Some ions that are made completely of nonmetal can form ionic compounds
...
If you are given the compound name:
Positive:
*If the compound ends in -ate, -ite, ide,etc , there must be a polyatomic ion, therefore the
compound is ionic
...
CO, CO2, NH3, N2O4
Starting can also be this for molecular compounds:
Negative- looses:
1 mono6 hexa2 di7 hepta3 tri8 octa4 tetra9 nona5 penta10 deca-
Ionic and Covalent bond:
Ionic Bonding:
Ionic bond- between two ions formed through the transfer of one or more electrons
Ionic bonding occurs between positive and negative ions, which attract each other and bind
together to form ionic compounds
...
Metal Ions: In some circumstances metal atoms may lose electrons
...
Non-metals: Non-metal atoms may gain electrons and become negatively charged
...
have no free electrons and no ions
-non-metals combine together by sharing electrons
-the shared pair of electrons holds the two atoms together
...
Hydrogen (H2):
Structure- H-H
Model:
EX
...
Noble Gases:
Names:
- helium, neon (Ne)
-argon (Ar)
- krypton (Kr)
-xenon (Xe)
-radon (Rn)
Alkali Metals:
Properties:
-low melting point
-low boiling point
-non-reactive
Names:
- lithium (Li)
- sodium (Na)
-potassium (K)
-rubidium (Rb)
-cesium (Cs)
-francium (Fr)
Alkaline Earth Metals:
Names:
- beryllium (Be)
-magnesium (Mg)
-calcium (Ca)
-strontium (Sr)
-barium (Ba)
-radium (Ra)
Properties:
-reactive
-malleable
Properties:
-shiny
-low melting point
-low boiling point
-silvery-white
-low density
Transition Metals:
Names: --------------------Properties:
-less reactive
-high melting points
-form coloured compounds
-malleable
Lanthanide:
Names:---------------------Properties:
-bright silvery colour
-reactive
-high melting points
-high boiling points
Actinide:
Names: ---------------------------Properties:
-radioactive
-silvery or silvery white luster in metallic form
Naming chemical compounds(simple ionic, tricky metals, polyatomic, molecular):
Polyatomic Ions:
Metals are bonded to polyatomic ions, which consist of two or more atoms with one overall
charge
-endings: -ite and –ate , ide used only sometimes
...
Simple Ionic Compound:
1
...
identify the anion and the cation
3
...
Anion= Ca+2
Cation=Cl-1
Compound after the crisscross method: CaCl2
EX
...
EX
...
EX
...
EX
...
Writing formulas for compounds:
1
...
Identify the valence or charge of each symbol and place it in parenthesis just above the
symbol and place it in parenthesis just above the symbol
3
...
We must have
the same number of positive charges as we do of negative charges
...
Once you have determined the number of units of the cation and anion those become
the subscripts
EX
...
Identify the symbols of the cation and anion
...
2
...
Balance the positive and negative charges
...
The numbers outside the parenthesis become the subscripts
in the formula
...
Write the formula placing the subscripts right after the symbol they go with
...
In this step, add up the total number of
valence electrons from all the atoms in the molecule
...
Step 5: Place remaining electrons around the central atom
...
Subtracting the number in Step 1 from the number in Step 2 gives you the number of electrons
you need to complete the outer circle
...
Determine the reactants for the equation and write them on the left-hand side
...
2
...
Reactant: calcium chloride and sodium sulfate
Product: calcium sulfate and sodium chloride
...
CaCl(2) + Na(2)SO(4) --->
2
...
Count the atoms of each element in the reactants and the products
2
...
EX
...
CH4+O2--------CO2+H2O
2
...
CH4+2O2------CO2+2H2O
Physics
Law of Attraction and Repulsion- positive, negative and neutral objects:
-negatively charged objects have gained electrons
-positively charged objects have lost electrons
CHARGED OBJECTS:
Objects with the same charge repel each other
...
*LAW OF ATTRACTION AND REPULSION: LIKE CHARGES REPEL AND UNLIKE CHARGES
ATTRACT
...
A portable hair dryer, plugged into a 110V outlet, has a current of 10A flowing through it
...
EX
...
0min
...
50A V=110V
R: P=?
A: P=IxV
S: P=O
...
00W
S: The bulb uses 55
...
Ohms law and the units of measurements for R,V,I:
Ohms law is used for calculating potential difference, current and resistance
...
When a switch is in series with a device, it
controls the device, allowing us to switch it on and off
...
1
...
Turbine spins
3
...
1
...
The steam turns the pinwheel
...
Wire coil spins within magnet
3
...
1
...
2
...
Heat is turned into electricity
Alternate (renewable) forms of producing energy(advantages/disadvantages):
Wind Geothermal solar
Pros -no pollution
-small or large scale -small scale application
-portable
Cons -no power on calm days
-expensive
-few good locations
-CO2 is released
-no power at night
-expensive
-no pollution
Biology
Sources of energy for all living things:
-light from the sun
Pyramid of energy- calculating loss at each trophic level:
Energy- only 10% is transferred to the next trophic level
...
1
...
2
...
3
...
When organisms die, some of the carbon compounds are fossilized and stored in the
Earth
...
Combustion: when fossil fuels and other organic materials are burned, carbon
compounds are released
...
Tertiary consumer
2
...
4
...
Bio accumulation is the concentration of a substance, such as a pesticide in the body of an
organism
...
Earth-centered vs
...
The sun-centered model could also explain the
retrograde motion of the planets
...
outer):
The inner planets are:
-less dense
-rocky
The outer planets are:
-more dense
-not rocky
-made up of gases
-bigger in size
Sun’s energy process:
-energy is produced through nuclear fusion
-heat and pressure that exists within the sun can squeeze two atoms of hydrogen together in
order to form an atom of helium
...
Life cycle of a star:
All stars begin their lives as clouds of gas called nebulae
...
SCIENCE FINAL EXAM REVIEW
Chemistry
WHIMS symbol:
Biohazardous:
Biohazardous Infectious Material for organism or toxins that can cause
diseases in people or animals
...
Skull and Crossbones:
Harmful or fatal even in small quantities
Corrosion:
Causes severe skin burns and eye
damage maybe corrosive to metal
...
Flame:
Catches fire spontaneously if exposed
to air or water
...
Health Hazard:
May cause allergic reaction, cancer,
birth defects, damage organs or harm
fertility or unborn children
...
Exploding Bomb:
Explosion hazard, risk due to fire, shock,
friction, or heat or pressure
...
Some
physical properties can be observed with our senses
...
Qualitative Physical Properties:
-color
-lustre
-texture
-clarity
-odor
-taste
-state
Hardness- the resistance of a substance to scratching
melting point
boiling point
solubility- the ability to dissolve in a solvent (like water)
viscosity- how easily a liquid flows
density –the ratio of mass: volume
A chemical property of a substance describes its behaviour as it becomes a new substance
...
Chemical change: during a chemical change the original substance is turned into one or more
new substances that have different properties
...
e
...
Elements found in the periodic table:
Counting the number of atoms in a molecule:
EX: 1
...
Cu(NO3)2X 6H2O
1- Cu atom
2- N atoms
6- O atoms
12- H atoms
H= 12X6, you multiply it because there are 6 water molecules
...
Total atoms= 1+2+6+12+6= 27
There are 27 atoms in total in the compound
...
Valence Electrons and Ionic Charges:
-charge on the ion is written as a superscript after the element symbol
chlorine gains one electron to form chloride, Cl1sulfur gains two electrons to form sulfide, S2Anion:
You can predict the negative charge on an anion by looking at the group number for the atom
...
EX
...
EX
...
Cation:
Atoms of metals can be stripped of electrons to form cations
...
****Determined by the how many of valence electrons are removed or added
...
Sodium, Na, is in group 1
loses one electron to form the sodium ion, Na1+
The charge is written after the symbol as a superscript
...
Barium, Ba, is in group 2
Barium loses two electrons to form the calcium ion, Ba2+
Valence Electrons:
Group 1: 1 valence electron
Group 2: 2 valence electrons
Group 13: 3 valence electrons
Group 14: 4 valence electrons
Group 15: 5 valence electrons
Group 16: 6 valence electrons
Group 17: 7 valence electrons
Group 18: 8 valence electrons (except for helium, which has 2)
Ionic and Molecular Compounds:
****Cation (positive and metal ions)
****Anion (negative and non-metal ions)
EX
...
Fe2O3
O w/ charge of 3 and Fe w/ a charge of 2
...
Do the crisscross method, so Fe would have the charge of 3 and O would have a charge
of 2
...
Write it in words: Iron (III) oxide
*Ionic compounds will contain both metals and non-metals, or at least one polyatomic ion
...
Such as NaCl, CaBr2, AlCl3
Some ions that are made completely of nonmetal can form ionic compounds
...
If you are given the compound name:
Positive:
*If the compound ends in -ate, -ite, ide,etc , there must be a polyatomic ion, therefore the
compound is ionic
...
CO, CO2, NH3, N2O4
Starting can also be this for molecular compounds:
Negative- looses:
1 mono6 hexa2 di7 hepta3 tri8 octa4 tetra9 nona5 penta10 deca-
Ionic and Covalent bond:
Ionic Bonding:
Ionic bond- between two ions formed through the transfer of one or more electrons
Ionic bonding occurs between positive and negative ions, which attract each other and bind
together to form ionic compounds
...
Metal Ions: In some circumstances metal atoms may lose electrons
...
Non-metals: Non-metal atoms may gain electrons and become negatively charged
...
have no free electrons and no ions
-non-metals combine together by sharing electrons
-the shared pair of electrons holds the two atoms together
...
Hydrogen (H2):
Structure- H-H
Model:
EX
...
Noble Gases:
Names:
- helium, neon (Ne)
-argon (Ar)
- krypton (Kr)
-xenon (Xe)
-radon (Rn)
Alkali Metals:
Names:
- lithium (Li)
- sodium (Na)
-potassium (K)
-rubidium (Rb)
Properties:
-low melting point
-low boiling point
-non-reactive
Properties:
-reactive
-malleable
-cesium (Cs)
-francium (Fr)
Alkaline Earth Metals:
Names:
- beryllium (Be)
-magnesium (Mg)
-calcium (Ca)
-strontium (Sr)
-barium (Ba)
-radium (Ra)
Properties:
-shiny
-low melting point
-low boiling point
-silvery-white
-low density
Transition Metals:
Names: --------------------Properties:
-less reactive
-high melting points
-form coloured compounds
-malleable
Lanthanide:
Names:---------------------Properties:
-bright silvery colour
-reactive
-high melting points
-high boiling points
Actinide:
Names: ---------------------------Properties:
-radioactive
-silvery or silvery white luster in metallic form
Naming chemical compounds(simple ionic, tricky metals, polyatomic, molecular):
Polyatomic Ions:
Metals are bonded to polyatomic ions, which consist of two or more atoms with one overall
charge
-endings: -ite and –ate , ide used only sometimes
...
Simple Ionic Compound:
1
...
identify the anion and the cation
3
...
Anion= Ca+2
Cation=Cl-1
Compound after the crisscross method: CaCl2
EX
...
EX
...
EX
...
EX
...
Writing formulas for compounds:
1
...
Identify the valence or charge of each symbol and place it in parenthesis just above the
symbol and place it in parenthesis just above the symbol
3
...
We must have
the same number of positive charges as we do of negative charges
...
Once you have determined the number of units of the cation and anion those become
the subscripts
EX
...
Identify the symbols of the cation and anion
...
2
...
Balance the positive and negative charges
...
The numbers outside the parenthesis become the subscripts
in the formula
...
Write the formula placing the subscripts right after the symbol they go with
...
In this step, add up the total number of
valence electrons from all the atoms in the molecule
...
Step 5: Place remaining electrons around the central atom
...
Subtracting the number in Step 1 from the number in Step 2 gives you the number of electrons
you need to complete the outer circle
...
Determine the reactants for the equation and write them on the left-hand side
...
2
...
Reactant: calcium chloride and sodium sulfate
Product: calcium sulfate and sodium chloride
...
CaCl(2) + Na(2)SO(4) --->
2
...
Count the atoms of each element in the reactants and the products
2
...
EX
...
CH4+O2--------CO2+H2O
2
...
CH4+2O2------CO2+2H2O
Physics
Law of Attraction and Repulsion- positive, negative and neutral objects:
-negatively charged objects have gained electrons
-positively charged objects have lost electrons
CHARGED OBJECTS:
Objects with the same charge repel each other
...
*LAW OF ATTRACTION AND REPULSION: LIKE CHARGES REPEL AND UNLIKE CHARGES
ATTRACT
...
A portable hair dryer, plugged into a 110V outlet, has a current of 10A flowing through it
...
EX
...
0min
...
50A V=110V
R: P=?
A: P=IxV
S: P=O
...
00W
S: The bulb uses 55
...
Ohms law and the units of measurements for R,V,I:
Ohms law is used for calculating potential difference, current and resistance
...
When a switch is in series with a device, it
controls the device, allowing us to switch it on and off
...
1
...
Turbine spins
3
...
1
...
The steam turns the pinwheel
...
Wire coil spins within magnet
3
...
1
...
2
...
Heat is turned into electricity
Alternate (renewable) forms of producing energy(advantages/disadvantages):
Wind Geothermal solar
Pros -no pollution
-small or large scale -small scale application
-no pollution
-portable
Cons -no power on calm days
-expensive
-few good locations
-CO2 is released
-expensive
-no power at night
Biology
Sources of energy for all living things:
-light from the sun
Pyramid of energy- calculating loss at each trophic level:
Energy- only 10% is transferred to the next trophic level
...
1
...
2
...
3
...
When organisms die, some of the carbon compounds are fossilized and stored in the
Earth
...
Combustion: when fossil fuels and other organic materials are burned, carbon
compounds are released
...
Tertiary consumer
2
...
Primary consumer
4
...
Bio accumulation is the concentration of a substance, such as a pesticide in the body of an
organism
...
Earth-centered vs
...
The sun-centered model could also explain the
retrograde motion of the planets
...
outer):
The inner planets are:
-less dense
-rocky
The outer planets are:
-more dense
-not rocky
-made up of gases
-bigger in size
Sun’s energy process:
-energy is produced through nuclear fusion
-heat and pressure that exists within the sun can squeeze two atoms of hydrogen together in
order to form an atom of helium
...
Life cycle of a star:
All stars begin their lives as clouds of gas called nebulae
...
SCIENCE FINAL EXAM REVIEW
Chemistry
WHIMS symbol:
Biohazardous:
Biohazardous Infectious Material for organism or toxins that can cause
diseases in people or animals
...
Skull and Crossbones:
Harmful or fatal even in small quantities
Corrosion:
Causes severe skin burns and eye
damage maybe corrosive to metal
...
Flame:
Catches fire spontaneously if exposed
to air or water
...
Health Hazard:
May cause allergic reaction, cancer,
birth defects, damage organs or harm
fertility or unborn children
...
Exploding Bomb:
Explosion hazard, risk due to fire, shock,
friction, or heat or pressure
...
Some
physical properties can be observed with our senses
...
Qualitative Physical Properties:
-color
-lustre
-texture
-clarity
-odor
-taste
-state
Hardness- the resistance of a substance to scratching
melting point
boiling point
solubility- the ability to dissolve in a solvent (like water)
viscosity- how easily a liquid flows
density –the ratio of mass: volume
A chemical property of a substance describes its behaviour as it becomes a new substance
...
Chemical change: during a chemical change the original substance is turned into one or more
new substances that have different properties
...
e
...
Elements found in the periodic table:
Counting the number of atoms in a molecule:
EX: 1
...
Cu(NO3)2X 6H2O
1- Cu atom
2- N atoms
6- O atoms
12- H atoms
H= 12X6, you multiply it because there are 6 water molecules
...
Total atoms= 1+2+6+12+6= 27
There are 27 atoms in total in the compound
...
Valence Electrons and Ionic Charges:
-charge on the ion is written as a superscript after the element symbol
chlorine gains one electron to form chloride, Cl1sulfur gains two electrons to form sulfide, S2Anion:
You can predict the negative charge on an anion by looking at the group number for the atom
...
EX
...
EX
...
Cation:
Atoms of metals can be stripped of electrons to form cations
...
****Determined by the how many of valence electrons are removed or added
...
Sodium, Na, is in group 1
loses one electron to form the sodium ion, Na1+
The charge is written after the symbol as a superscript
...
Barium, Ba, is in group 2
Barium loses two electrons to form the calcium ion, Ba2+
Valence Electrons:
Group 1: 1 valence electron
Group 2: 2 valence electrons
Group 13: 3 valence electrons
Group 14: 4 valence electrons
Group 15: 5 valence electrons
Group 16: 6 valence electrons
Group 17: 7 valence electrons
Group 18: 8 valence electrons (except for helium, which has 2)
Ionic and Molecular Compounds:
****Cation (positive and metal ions)
****Anion (negative and non-metal ions)
EX
...
Fe2O3
O w/ charge of 3 and Fe w/ a charge of 2
...
Do the crisscross method, so Fe would have the charge of 3 and O would have a charge
of 2
...
Write it in words: Iron (III) oxide
*Ionic compounds will contain both metals and non-metals, or at least one polyatomic ion
...
Such as NaCl, CaBr2, AlCl3
Some ions that are made completely of nonmetal can form ionic compounds
...
If you are given the compound name:
Positive:
*If the compound ends in -ate, -ite, ide,etc , there must be a polyatomic ion, therefore the
compound is ionic
...
CO, CO2, NH3, N2O4
Starting can also be this for molecular compounds:
Negative- looses:
1 mono6 hexa2 di7 hepta3 tri8 octa4 tetra9 nona5 penta10 deca-
Ionic and Covalent bond:
Ionic Bonding:
Ionic bond- between two ions formed through the transfer of one or more electrons
Ionic bonding occurs between positive and negative ions, which attract each other and bind
together to form ionic compounds
...
Metal Ions: In some circumstances metal atoms may lose electrons
...
Non-metals: Non-metal atoms may gain electrons and become negatively charged
...
have no free electrons and no ions
-non-metals combine together by sharing electrons
-the shared pair of electrons holds the two atoms together
...
Hydrogen (H2):
Structure- H-H
Model:
EX
...
Noble Gases:
Names:
- helium, neon (Ne)
-argon (Ar)
- krypton (Kr)
-xenon (Xe)
-radon (Rn)
Alkali Metals:
Names:
- lithium (Li)
- sodium (Na)
-potassium (K)
-rubidium (Rb)
-cesium (Cs)
-francium (Fr)
Alkaline Earth Metals:
Names:
Properties:
-low melting point
-low boiling point
-non-reactive
Properties:
-reactive
-malleable
Properties:
- beryllium (Be)
-magnesium (Mg)
-calcium (Ca)
-strontium (Sr)
-barium (Ba)
-radium (Ra)
-shiny
-low melting point
-low boiling point
-silvery-white
-low density
Transition Metals:
Names: --------------------Properties:
-less reactive
-high melting points
-form coloured compounds
-malleable
Lanthanide:
Names:---------------------Properties:
-bright silvery colour
-reactive
-high melting points
-high boiling points
Actinide:
Names: ---------------------------Properties:
-radioactive
-silvery or silvery white luster in metallic form
Naming chemical compounds(simple ionic, tricky metals, polyatomic, molecular):
Polyatomic Ions:
Metals are bonded to polyatomic ions, which consist of two or more atoms with one overall
charge
-endings: -ite and –ate , ide used only sometimes
...
Simple Ionic Compound:
1
...
identify the anion and the cation
3
...
Anion= Ca+2
Cation=Cl-1
Compound after the crisscross method: CaCl2
EX
...
EX
...
EX
...
EX
...
Writing formulas for compounds:
1
...
Identify the valence or charge of each symbol and place it in parenthesis just above the
symbol and place it in parenthesis just above the symbol
3
...
We must have
the same number of positive charges as we do of negative charges
...
Once you have determined the number of units of the cation and anion those become
the subscripts
EX
...
Identify the symbols of the cation and anion
...
2
...
Balance the positive and negative charges
...
The numbers outside the parenthesis become the subscripts
in the formula
...
Write the formula placing the subscripts right after the symbol they go with
...
In this step, add up the total number of
valence electrons from all the atoms in the molecule
...
Step 5: Place remaining electrons around the central atom
...
Subtracting the number in Step 1 from the number in Step 2 gives you the number of electrons
you need to complete the outer circle
...
Determine the reactants for the equation and write them on the left-hand side
...
2
...
Reactant: calcium chloride and sodium sulfate
Product: calcium sulfate and sodium chloride
...
CaCl(2) + Na(2)SO(4) --->
2
...
Count the atoms of each element in the reactants and the products
2
...
EX
...
CH4+O2--------CO2+H2O
2
...
CH4+2O2------CO2+2H2O
Physics
Law of Attraction and Repulsion- positive, negative and neutral objects:
-negatively charged objects have gained electrons
-positively charged objects have lost electrons
CHARGED OBJECTS:
Objects with the same charge repel each other
...
*LAW OF ATTRACTION AND REPULSION: LIKE CHARGES REPEL AND UNLIKE CHARGES
ATTRACT
...
A portable hair dryer, plugged into a 110V outlet, has a current of 10A flowing through it
...
EX
...
0min
...
50A V=110V
R: P=?
A: P=IxV
S: P=O
...
00W
S: The bulb uses 55
...
Ohms law and the units of measurements for R,V,I:
Ohms law is used for calculating potential difference, current and resistance
...
When a switch is in series with a device, it
controls the device, allowing us to switch it on and off
...
1
...
Turbine spins
3
...
1
...
The steam turns the pinwheel
...
Wire coil spins within magnet
3
...
1
...
2
...
Heat is turned into electricity
Alternate (renewable) forms of producing energy(advantages/disadvantages):
Wind Geothermal solar
Pros -no pollution
-small or large scale -small scale application
-no pollution
-portable
Cons -no power on calm days
-expensive
-few good locations
-CO2 is released
-no power at night
-expensive
Biology
Sources of energy for all living things:
-light from the sun
Pyramid of energy- calculating loss at each trophic level:
Energy- only 10% is transferred to the next trophic level
...
1
...
2
...
3
...
When organisms die, some of the carbon compounds are fossilized and stored in the
Earth
...
Combustion: when fossil fuels and other organic materials are burned, carbon
compounds are released
...
Tertiary consumer
2
...
Primary consumer
4
...
Bio accumulation is the concentration of a substance, such as a pesticide in the body of an
organism
...
Earth-centered vs
...
The sun-centered model could also explain the
retrograde motion of the planets
...
outer):
The inner planets are:
-less dense
-rocky
The outer planets are:
-more dense
-not rocky
-made up of gases
-bigger in size
Sun’s energy process:
-energy is produced through nuclear fusion
-heat and pressure that exists within the sun can squeeze two atoms of hydrogen together in
order to form an atom of helium
...
Life cycle of a star:
All stars begin their lives as clouds of gas called nebulae
...
Title: Science Notes
Description: These are Grade 9 Pre-IB level notes. Some parts if chemistry have Grade 10 in it. These notes are also useful if you are not in the Pre-IB or IB program. These notes have everything like Chemistry, Physics and Biology. There are examples in the notes to help you.
Description: These are Grade 9 Pre-IB level notes. Some parts if chemistry have Grade 10 in it. These notes are also useful if you are not in the Pre-IB or IB program. These notes have everything like Chemistry, Physics and Biology. There are examples in the notes to help you.