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Folk Media

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Introduction
India is a country of rich traditions next only to Africa
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People
depending on their religion, region, castes ,creed and language have their own culture
comprising specified customs, festivals and ceremonies which are clubbed with different
ways of communicating system is known as traditional folk media
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It is being transmitted from generations to generations through verbal
means alone
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As a result there is drastic reduction in the distance
between the people living at distant villages, countries and even continents
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Its effect is equally good in transfer of technology to farmers in
groups and mass, thus the importance of folk media in mass media is worth of praise even in
modern India
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It is born and expressed in the idiom of people‟s culture and has always seemed to
entertain, educate and propagate the existing ideas and attitudes
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Concept of Folk
„Folk‟ means race of people
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Any music composed on this
idiom is folk song
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Traditional Folk Media
Traditional folk media have no grammar or literature but they are surviving through oral and
functional sources
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Folk media channels are powerful tools of
communication, which play a crucial role in the dissemination of information in the rural areas
catalyzing socioeconomic development, say the authors
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They are passed from generation to generation by
word of mouth or orally
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Traditional folk media are
mostly used during religious or festive occasions
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These low
cost media besides being credible in rural areas have potential for persuasive communication
and get instant feed back
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In
contrast with the electronic media, it preserves and disseminates in a lively manner the
traditions and culture of our forefathers
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So it is a very important method for communicating agriculture
technology to the farmers and for the benefit of rural development programmes
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There is a need to narrow the gap that exists between the
source and the receiver
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The agency should be composed of traditional folk
artists, scriptwriters possessing essential knowledge of target audience, the traditional media
and competency to transform the intended messages
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The traditional media has always been used for moral, religious, agricultural and also for
rural development
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It played an important
role in many cultures
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The traditional media is
personal, familiar and more credible with which the majority of literate and illiterate people in
the villages identify easily
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Folk entertainments can provide fresh and interesting programme material for the mass
media making them, more acceptable to both the rural and urban audiences
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In sum, the role of the traditional media
in a country like ours is of paramount importance in enriching our culture and tradition as also
disseminating information and educating our rural folk
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Indigenous in nature
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Transmitted from generation to
generation through oral means alone
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No source of confirming the authenticity of folk art
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Hence, the traditional media
communication can put fresh contents in folk media
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Folk media will never die but continue in spite of several obstacles in modern age
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Folk Media MOD 2 | P a g e

Difference between traditional folk media and modern electronic media
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Traditional folk media

Modern electronic media

1
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Communicates through –
vocal, verbal, musical, visual
folk forms

Communication through electronic
and print media

3
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Oral transmission from
generation to generation

Diversified means

5
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Usually for illiterates

Usually literates

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More credibility

Less credibility

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Instant feed back

Delayed feed back

Types of Folk Arts
Folk arts are broadly classified into folk songs, folk drama and folk dance
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Folk songs are
sung at many occasions like marriage, birth, death or at work
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The unique feature about them is that they belong to the
community
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It not only
amuses but also instructs the audience
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Folk Dancing is the characteristic dancing of the people of a country or state; some are
very ancient and have their origin in the history of the nation
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Dancing is accompanied
by singing and music and the dancers take different forms while dancing
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Puppetry
first appeared in India and spread to other countries
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The different types of puppets used are - string puppets, shadow puppets, glove
or and puppets and finger puppets
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Types of Traditional Folk Media
Puppetry
It is one of the important traditional media for communicating technology to the
farmers in the villages
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The term, sutradhar (string holder) was used for the director or the stage manager
in the live, classical (sanskrit) theatre of ancient India (AD 100-1000)
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In ancient India, especially in the South, the puppeteers were respected as
intellectuals
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The art of puppetry was popular both as pure entertainment and as an
educational medium
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It is an inexpensive activity
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The puppet play can impart lessons on health, literacy, agriculture,
home-making; education, employment, rural youth activities, recreation, etc
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Puppets can make an impact, if properly used with the active participation of the
local people
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Puppetry attracts all age-groups
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The effectiveness of folk drama varies from message to message
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The messages
communicated through the traditional media gain access to the mind through both ears and
eyes and the mind produces a sense of richness of meaning in the individual
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Various Folk Forms In India
1
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In this form, some topic is selected and then a chorus of six to eight male
singers cum performers and two or more female dancer-singers make the troupe
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It has a cast of three to six female dancer singers (one of whom is the star
artist) a tabla player and a harmonium and tundun player
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The most important is the performance
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It is in this section that comments are made on contemporary and social problems
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Tamasha needs no elaborate act or costumes and place and time
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Nautanki: Nautanki is like other folk drama forms
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Music is of prime
importance in this folk drama
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As in opera, the dialogues are sung to popular folk melodies but now even to film
tunes
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It
can be in the form of Doha, Thumari, Dadra, Sher, Gazal and Quawwali which are very
common among the rural people in many states
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The people can be
educated through the medium to bring about desirable changes in their behaviour
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Keertana or Harikatha: This is a religious folk theatre
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Saint Narada is believed to have invented and practised the form with great
success
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It is a mainly associated with the Bhakti movements in religion and
literature
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It is such a potent
weapon in social education that Lokmanya Tilak is reported to have said if he was not a
journalist, he would have been a keertankar
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All India Radio and the Doordarshan too are using
the keertan form for broadcasts aimed at industrial workers and rural audiences
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Street play: In this form, one narrates a story which is related to a particular theme
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They also have
some music built in by way of folk songs adopted to the theme
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It is a non-costume, noproperty no--script play
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Street plays are increasingly
used to spread messages of family planning, sanitation, adult education, etc and they
create awareness against social evils
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Folk dance: During the harvesting season and festivals, folk dances are aroused in the
villages as they are helpful in collecting the people
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The folk dances reveal not only the individual talents of the people but
the collective traditions of all the countries, the characteristics of the community and a
love for rhythm
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Community folk dances held on the main religious festivals, social occasions,
Kisan Melas and other occasions when special agricultural activities are carried
out;
2
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Tribal dances rooted as they are expressive of their magical philosophies of life
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Folk song: The villagers have a great fascination for their folk songs
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Songs connected with agriculture and rural
development programmes and practices in local dialects can be composed and sung
easily as they also provide entertainment
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Song competitions can also be arranged
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They are part of cultural programme
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The song should
be composed on the subjects which are to be communicated to the people
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The tune of the song should be popular and
local to which the villagers are accustomed to
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A few words by way of explanation will be appreciated before
singing is started
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Seasoned singers are liked by everybody but new voices are also welcome
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Story-telling: Story-telling has been one of the best and most commonly used methods
of instruction in informal education, religious propagation, rural development, etc
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Before the story teller begins the narration, he asks, Are you ready to listen? The listeners
respond with „Yes‟ sound
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The
listeners often make some kind of sound at regular intervals to express attention
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8
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Sometimes these riddles are very helpful in conveying the real meaning of
technology
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Some of the riddles are
given below:
Ek chhoti jaihi kudi
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Some agricultural games have been developed in the past few years
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Some of the games are: (1) snakes and ladders developed by Shri D
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Mishra, University
of Udaipur on cultivation of maize; (2) Playing cards, on improved agriculture and home
science practices
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9
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They are the sound symbols of culture and have survived
for centuries; their use is quite frequent in oral culture
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Bioscope consists of a box
made of light wood
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The doors are unfolded
evoking the curiosity of the audience as preceded with the narration of the story by the
story teller
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This can be
made interesting with musical narration
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11
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In this form, the drum is
beaten and the attention of the audience is arrested and then the message is delivered
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This is mostly preferred by the rural ; people as it is used
for dissemination of information followed by drum beating eg for giving message about
meeting, demonstration, field-day or any other activity
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They are silent unlike traditional theatre and if
they use words, they make themselves meaningless also to the non-literate majority
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A speech or film comes to an end soon, but the wall
paintings stay as long as the weather or the organization concerned allows them to last
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The images used have strong emotional association with the
surroundings, a feat impossible for even a “moving” visual medium
like television which must use general images to cater to the greatest number of
viewers
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Indian experience in wall
paintings communication by the government can still activate its potential in rural
areas
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Alkapa is social satire and is a popular rural drama among the West Bengal Muslims
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The messages of women's emancipation, anti-dowry
attitudes and higher education for women are quite successfully enacted in Alkapa
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Ballads - The range of folklore presented in the common Indian story telling forms in
the ballad styles is extensive and as full of variety as the country itself
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In Tamilnadu there is such a form named as
Villupattu, in which a big bow that is struck with painted sticks as it rests on the neck of
a large earthen pot
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The Villu singers
indulge in musical question and answer contests
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Radio, Television and even Cinema
have adapted this to preach national reconstruction
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Bauls are wandering minstrels preserving the Sahajiya tradition of mysticism in
Bengal
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When the
Bhavai Theatre came down to the village square from the temples it became a highly
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popular form of entertainment for the rural communities
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Bhavai being a
religious offering and a theatre activity of entertainment, is the carrier of information
from village to village
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Burrakatha is a traditional form of performing arts from state Andhra Pradesh
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Dasakathia is a storytelling form of state Orissa and is a popular form with
development workers because it is possible to interpolate contemporary sub-stories in
the main narrative
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It has
always been a powerful medium of expression and entertainment effectively used by
religious and political leaders and social reformers for dissemination of their ideas
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It is a common sight all over the country
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Its use as an instrument
of social and moral change is not new or unfamiliar in the Indian society
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Harikatha
integrates the people because it includes songs and different languages which by and
large help them in extending their cultural understanding beyond their own language
area and the region
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It is such a potent weapon in social
education that Lokmanya Tilak is reported to have said that if he were not a journalist, he
would have been a Keertankar
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All
India Radio and Doordarshan too are using the Keertana form for broadcast beamed at
industrial workers and rural audiences
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Karyala is a traditional theatre of state of Himachal Pradesh
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The narrator of the Kavada gives lessons on moral
and ethics through his stories
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This form is being used by
development agencies for narrating their own messages
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Therukoothu is a street play from the state of Tamilnadu bringing together dance and
the classical literary form - prose, music and drama
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In recent times, the form has been turned into a
musical play, Sangeetha Natakam, both on stage and screen
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Being a street play, it has an opportunity to establish direct
link with the audience
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They yam is a ritualistic dance form from the state of Kerala
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Thullal instructs and
Folk Media MOD 8 | P a g e

delights the audience at the same time
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Traditional folk Forms (state wise)
The forms of folk media are many
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With a little variation, all these forms can be included into
various groups such as – puppetry, drama, Harikatha (Story of God), story-telling,
folklore, tales, ballad singing, pad recital (visual aid), kavad (story box),folkdance,
folksongs, street play, riddles, proverbs etc
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,
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Bihar: Bidasia, Saraikala Chhau, Jat-Jatini, Bidapad (North-East) Ramkalia (Ram
Leela in Cruda style-North Bihar)
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Haryana: Song (Sangeetaka), Naogal (Mono performance)
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Jammu & Kashmir: Bhand Pathar or Bhand Jashna (Festival Bhands), Vatal dhamali
(Sword-play)
8
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),
Doddate-Bavalata, Tala Maddle or prasang (Indoor form,does not use costume,
Dasrata, Radhana (closely resembles the Tamasha of Maharashtra)
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Kerala: Koodiyattam, Mudiattam, or Mudiyattu, Tyattu, Tharayattam, Chavittu,
natakam (Christian rural drama) Chakiva Kooth (Thullal) Kathakalli
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Maharashtra: Tamasha, Lalit, Bharud, Gondhal, Dashavataar
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Tamil Nadu : Therkoothu, Veethi, Veethi Natakam, Bhagawat Mela Nataka, Kurvanji
(Kuram or Kulluve (dance drama)
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Uttar Pradesh : Ram leela, Ras leela, Nautanki, Bhagat, Sang-Swang or sangeetaka,
Janki, Naqqal and Bhand (different from Bhand or Kashmir)
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Reasons:
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Direction of change from oral communication to technology based electronic media
3
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Expanding sources of financial and Human resources
5
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Invasion of commercial organizations on consumer appetites through exaggerated
advertisements
7
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Lack of proper understanding of traditional folk media and its nature by the present
generations
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The folk media have certain clear-cut advantages
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Personal contact: The appeal of folk media is quite personal and at an intimate level
because it has got direct influence on people
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Language Familiarity: As in the case of colloquial dialects the familiar format and
content of mass media gives much clarity in communication
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Rapport building: The different forms of mass media can be exploited to cater to the
needs of the people for immediate and direct rapport
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Flexibility: The folk media is so flexible that new themes can be accommodated in
them
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Mixture: Indian folk forms are a mixture of dialogue, dance, song, humour, moralising
and prayer
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Impact: Though the folk media attracts a small audience, the impact on them is at a
much deeper level inviting the audience participation
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Entertainment: Moral instruction campaigned is with entertainment
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Self expression: Being dramatic and lyrical, it satisfies our innate need for self
expression
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Cultural Heritage: The tradition and culture of ancestors are preserved and
disseminated by the folk media in a lively manner
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Spread of extension messages: Spreading of new ideas for the development of
people can be extended by traditional folk media through religious customs, festivals and
ceremonies which will force the people to accept and adopt the message of innovations
blindly
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Threat to traditional folk media is a regular with the development of film industry,
radio, television and video, the Indian traditional media gradually disappearing
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Focus of attention of planners on modern media
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Scale of reach to masses is very less unlike as in case of technology based electronic
media
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Changes in social system such as urbanization and literacy rate leading to more
individual listening or viewing rather people are preferring community listening or
viewing
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Range of choice of forms is very low
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Folk Media MOD 10 | P a g e

Indigenous in nature
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Transmitted from generation to
generation through oral means alone
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 Focus on modern media, technology based on electronic media and urbanisation are the
reasons for threats of Traditional Folk Media
Personal contact, Language Familiarity, Flexibility, Self expression and Cultural Heritage
are the advantages of Traditional Folk Media
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Alkapa is social satire and is a popular rural drama among the West Bengal Muslims
2
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3
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It is a common sight all over the country
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Karyala is a traditional theatre of state of Himachal Pradesh
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In India, there are four main types of puppets such as String puppets, Rod puppets,
Shadow puppets and Glove puppets
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Tamasha is the most popular folk theatrical form in the state of Maharashtra
combining dance of a crisp and exotic type with Lavani singing and impromptu
dialogues often of humorous nature
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They yam is a ritualistic dance form from the state of Kerala
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Kuchipudi Dance, Andhra Natyam, Perini Thandavam, Tappetta, Gullu,
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A, Extension Education, Seventh Edition, Sri Lakshmi press, Bapatla
Uma Joshi,1999 Text Book of Mass Communication and Media, First Edition , Anmol
Publications PVT
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