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Chemistry Unit 1 Revision Notes
Atoms:
Atomic StructureElectrons
Protons
Protons – Positively Charged +1
Neutrons – Neutral 0
Electrons – Negatively Charged -1

Nucleus
Neutrons
Shell

The number of protons in an atom allows you to identify what the element is because only atom can
have a certain number of protons
...
g
...
No other element has the same number of protons
...

This is called the Atomic Number / Proton Number
...


This is called the atom number / mass number
...

(=No
...
Of Neutrons)
The maximum number of electrons on the first shell is 2 electrons
...

The maximum number of electrons on the third shell is also 8 shells
...
g
...
g
...

Ions are either charged positively or negatively
...

E
...
Sodium Chloride, Magnesium Fluoride
When the atom loses an electron, it becomes a positively charged ion
...


Covalent BondingCovalent bonding occurs between 2 Non-Metals
...

Examples: Oxygen, Diamonds, Chlorine Gas, Carbon Dioxide

Balancing EquationsCount the number of atoms on each side
...

Mortar is created by adding cement with sand at a high temperature
...


Quarrying
Advantages
▪
▪
▪

Produces Valuable Material
Creates job opportunities

Disadvantages
▪
▪
▪
▪

Noise
Dust
Pollution
Landscape Spoilt

Thermal Decomposition
Add Carbon Dioxide

Add more water

Add some water

Both Calcium oxide solid calcium hydroxide can be used to neutralise acidic soil as they are alkalis
...


Extracting Metals:
Extracting MetalsTo extract Iron, the following process occurs:
Some oxygen is removed from the iron ore, this leaves iron oxide
Carbon is added to the iron oxide, this then creates Iron and Carbon Dioxide
...

Any metal above carbon in the reactivity series can be extracted by electrolysis
...
The
Metals always are positive whilst the non-metals are negative
...
These
plants have the ability to take in the copper
...
This
leaves just the ashes
...

Bioleaching:
Bacteria is placed on the copper, they absorb the copper
...
It can be extracted then by electrolysis
...
(This is when the oxygen is removed from
the iron)
...
This iron is strong
but breaks very easily (brittle)
...

With a little amount of carbon, low carbon steel is made
...

If even a little more carbon is used, high carbon steel is produced
...

In order to make stainless steel (an example of an alloy), a substance called chromium is added to the
iron
...
Due to these advantages, it can be used for cooking utensils, surgical equipment etc
...

Gold can be added with copper to make it much harder
...

Copper can be added with zinc to make a harder alloy which is called brass
Iron can be added to carbon or other metals to be made harder
...
This means that it can be easily separated into
individual compounds
...

Alkanes are saturated
...

-Nitrogen Oxide is released, this causes acid rain
...

-If there is a lack of oxygen, the combustion is incomplete and produces Carbon Monoxide which is
extremely dangerous
To stop some of these impacts on the environment:
-Nitrogen Oxide and Sulphur Dioxide removers can be fitted to car engines and exhausts
...


Evaluation of BiofuelsOne method of creating Ethanol is by fermenting sugar canes
...
This is because the sugar cane plants take in Carbon Dioxide for photosynthesis whilst
vehicles release carbon dioxide
...

Alkenes are unsaturated as the double bonds can open up and have more carbons
...
This is when bromine
water is added to the liquid
...


Polymers:
Making polymersPolymerisation is the process whereby small molecules are joint together to form longer molecules
which are called polymers
...
This is also known as plastic and
is extremely useful
...

Polymers are very useful as lot of things are made with them, however after they are used, they are
put in landfill sites
...
Due to this,
scientists are now trying to make biodegradable polymers
...

New uses of polymers:
▪
▪
▪
▪
▪

Food packaging – Control gasses going in or out (e
...
fruits need oxygen going in)
Fabric coating
Breathable fabrics – Gortex is a fabric which prevents rain water to get through the material
Hydrogel – Absorbs a lot of moisture, can be used to cover wounds
Shape memory polymers – When you just warm up something to fix it (E
...
, if you break
your glasses, you can just heat it, this will then return to its original shape
...

1 – Fermentation
2 – Reacting Ethene gas with steam
Fermentation:
Requires:
-Sugar
-Yeast
-Water
Reacting Ethene with steam:
Requires:
-High temperature (300 Degrees Celsius)
-Catalyst
This reaction is a hydration reaction as the Ethene is hydrated
...
e
...
The oil rises above the water
...

Emulsions are:
▪
▪
▪

Thicker (More viscous)
Better at coating
Better texture

Examples of emulsions:
▪
▪
▪
▪
▪
▪

Mayonnaise
Salad dressing
Ice cream
Milk
Paint
Cosmetics

How emulsifiers work:
The molecules of emulsifiers have two parts
...
The tail part is hydrophobic, this means it repels away from the water
...

This is when hydrogen is added to the oil with a nickel catalyst at 60 degrees Celsius
...

1 – The water is heated up and evaporates
2 – The water vapour passes the plants and evaporates the lavender oil
3 – A cooling water jacket cools down the vapours down, this causes the vapours to condense
4 – The water and oil collect, then a filtering method is used to separate the oil and water
...

The Crust is between 5-70 Km thick
...

The diameter of the Core is around 3500 Km wide
Alfred Wegner came up with the theory of continental drift
...
Some pieces of evidence that he used were:
▪
▪

The continents fit together like a jigsaw puzzle
The rock types and fossils around South America and South Africa were the same

Many scientists at the time didn’t agree with Wegner, the main question they had was “How do the
continents move”
...
However, nowadays many scientists accept this theory as continents are now
moving a few centimetres a year
...
This heat warms
up the mantle
...


The Earth’s atmosphere
Scientists think that during the beginning of the earth, there were mainly volcanoes
...
During
this time, the earth was cooling down, therefore the water vapour condensed into rivers and oceans
...
This reduced the amount of Carbon Dioxide in
the atmosphere
...
These plants
released lots of oxygen into the atmosphere
...

1 – Water is heated up and evaporates
...

3 – The vapour produced then cools down and produces a range of chemicals
4 – The main organic chemical produced was amino acids, although there were other chemicals
...


Fractional Distillation of Air
The air contains a mixture of gasses
...
04% of the air
To cool down all the gasses in the air, the temperature has to be -200 Degrees Celsius
...

The first liquid gas to evaporate is nitrogen as it has the lowest boiling point
...

Uses of Argon:
▪
▪
▪

Inside filament lamps due to low reactivity
Inside fluorescent tubes as it emits a blue light in certain conditions
To preserve old documents as it is extremely unreactive

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