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Gross Anatomy – Final Exam (Written & Practical)
* = Practical

Facial Muscles
Muscles
*Orbicularis oculi
(orbital sphincter)

Innervation
Facial Nerve
(CN VII)

PA
-medial orbital margin, medial palpebral
ligament; lacrimal bone

*Orbicularis Oris
(oral sphincter)

Facial Nerve
(CN VII)

-fibers near medial plane of maxilla
superiorly and mandible inferiorly

*Zygomaticus
Major
*Temporalis muscle

Facial Nerve (CN VII)

-zygomatic arch

(in between lips?)

Mandibular division of
Trigeminal

-Floor of temporal fossa and deep
surface of temporal fascia

*Masseter muscle

Mandibular division of
Trigeminal

-inferior border and medial surface of
zygomatic arch

-Tip and medial surface or
coronoid process and anterior
border of ramus and mandible
-angle and lateral surface of
ramus of mandible and its
coronoid process

*Lateral pterygoid

Mandibular division of
Trigeminal

*Medial pterygoid

Mandibular division of
Trigeminal

Superior head:
-infratemporal surface and
infratemporal crest of greater wing of
sphenoid bone
Inferior head:
-lateral side of lateral pterygoid plate
Deep head:
-medial surface of lateral pterygoid
plate and pyramidal process of
palatine bone
Superficial
-tuberosity of maxilla
-procerus and corrugator supercilii
-galea aponeurotica

Frontalis of
Occipitofrontalis
(epicranius)
Occipitalis of
epicranius

Facial nerve (CN VII)

Depressor anguli
oris

Terminal brances of
Facial nerve (CN VII)
Terminal brances of
Facial nerve (CN VII)

-mandible, alveolar process of maxilla
and mandible, pterygomandibular raphe

-neck and condyloid process
of mandible, articular disc and
joint capsule of TMJ

-medial surface of ramus of
mandible, inferior to
mandibular foramen

-lateral 2/3 of nuchal line and mastoid
process
-epicranial aponeurosis
-oblique line of mandible
-angle of mouth

Buccinator (cheek
muscle)

DA
-skin around margin of orbit;
superior and inferior tarsi
(tarsal plates)
-mucus membrane of lips

Terminal brances of
Facial nerve (CN VII)

Angle of mouth (modiolus);
orbicularis oris

Function
-close eyelids (palpebral part does so gently; orbital
part does so tightly – winking)
-assist flow of lacrimal fluid
-compresses and protrudes lips
-(i
...
purses them during whistling and sucking)
-Tonus closes mouth
-Muscle of facial expression
-elevates mandible, closing jaw
-posterior fibers retract mandible after protrusion,
and lateral movement
-elevate and protrudes mandible (retrusion and
grinding), thus closing jaws
-deep fibers retrude it
Bilaterally:
-protracts mandible and depress chin
Unilaterally:
-swings jaw towards contralateral side (work
back and forth for lateral chewing/grinding)
Bilaterally:
elevate mandible, closing jaw, protrude mandible
Unilaterally:
-protrude side of jaw
Alternating Unilaterally:
-produce grinding motion
-Elevates eyebrows
-wrinkles forehead as in surprised
-draws back scalp
-raises eyebrows
-wrinkles forehead
-depresses angle of mouth
-antagonist of lavatory anguli oris, zygomaticus
major
-aids chewing (works with tongue to keep food
between occlusal surfaces)
-expel air from mouth

Platysma

Terminal brances of
Facial nerve (CN VII)

-superficial fascia over superior P
...


Eye Muscles
Muscles
Levator Palpebrae
superioris
*Superior rectus

Innervation
-Oculomotor nerve (CN III)
-Postganglionic sympathetic
fibers (autonomic NS)
Oculomotor (CN III)

Attachments
-lesser wing of sphenoid bone,
superior and anterior to optic canal
-Anulus of Zinn (body of spehenoid)

*Inferior Rectus

Oculomotor (CN III)

-Anulus of Zinn (body of spehenoid)

*Medial rectus

Oculomotor (CN III)

-Anulus of Zinn (body of spehenoid)

*Lateral Rectus

Abducent nerve (CN VI)

-Anulus of Zinn (body of spehenoid)

*Superior oblique

Trochlear nerve (CN IV)

-Anulus of Zinn (body of spehenoid)

*Inferior oblique

Oculomotor (CN III)

-Floor of orbit

-skin and tarsal plate of
superior eyelid
-Sclera just posterior to
corneoscleral junction
-Sclera just posterior to
corneoscleral junction
-Sclera just posterior to
corneoscleral junction
-Sclera just posterior to
corneoscleral junction
-sclera, deep to superior
rectus
-sclera, deep to lateral rectus

Function
-raises superior eyelid

-clinical abduction: elevates globe
-clinical abduction: depresses globe
-abductor
-adductor
-clinical adduction: depresses globe
-clinical adduction: elevates globe

Extrinsic Muscles of the Tongue
Muscles
*Genioglossus

Innervation
Hypoglossal Nerve (CN VII)

PA
-mental spine of mandible

*Hyoglossus

Hypoglossal Nerve (CN VII)

-Body of hyoid

*Styloglossus

Hypoglossal Nerve (CN VII)

*Palatoglossus

Vagus (pharyngeal plexus)

-Anterior border of distal styloid process
-Stylohyoid ligament
-Palatine aponeurosis of soft palate

DA
-entire dorsum of tongue
-inferior and posterior
fibers attach to hyoid
-Inferior aspect of lateral
part of tongue
-Sides of tongue posteriorly
-Blends with intrinsic
transverse muscles

Function
-bilaterally depress
-posterior part pulls tongue anteriorally for
protrusion
-Depresses tongue, especially pulling sides
inferiorly to shorten
-Retrudes tongue and curls its sides
-Helps to form central trough while swallowing
-Capable of elevating posterior tongue or
depressing soft palate

Oral Cavity and Pharynx (External Layer)
Muscles
*Superior
Constrictor

Innervation
Vagus (recurrent laryngeal)

Attachments
-Posterior end of mylohyoid line of
mandible

*Middle constrictor

Vagus (recurrent laryngeal)

*Inferior constrictor

Vagus (recurrent laryngeal)

-Stylohyoid ligament and greater and
lesser horns of hyoid
-Oblique line of thyroid cartilage and
side of cricoid cartilage

Muscles
*Palatopharyngeus

Innervation
-pharyngeal branch of Vagus
(CN X) and pharyngeal plexus
-pharyngeal branch of Vagus
(CN X) and pharyngeal plexus
-glossopharyngeal nerve
(CN IX)

Pharyngeal tubercle on
basilar part of occipital
bone
(Median) pharyngeal raphe
Cricopharyngeal part
encircles
pharyngesophageal junction
without forming a raphe

Function
-Constrict walls of pharynx during swallowing

-Constrict walls of pharynx during swallowing
-Constrict walls of pharynx during swallowing

Oral Cavity and Pharynx (Internal Layer)
Salpingopharyngeus
Stylopharyngeus

Attachments
-hard plate and palatine aponeurosis
-Cartilage of pharyngotympanic tube
-styloid process of temporal bone

-posterior thyroid cartilage and
side of pharynx/esoph
...

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Muscles

Innervation

Attachments

*Semitendinosus

Sciatic Nerve – Tibial
Division (L5, S1, S2)
Sciatic Nerve – Tibial
Division (L5, S1, S2)
Long head:
Sciatic Nerve – Tibial
Division (L5, S1, S2)

Ischial tuberosity

Superior medial tibia

Ischial tuberosity

Posterior medial tibial condyle

Long head:
ischial tuberosity
Short head:
linea aspera/lateral
supracondylar line of
femur

Long head:
Lateral head of fibula

*Semimembranosus
*Biceps femoris
Long head
Short head

Short head:
common fibular

Function
Extends thigh at hip- flexes leg at knee/rotate it medially,
with flexed hip and knee can extend trunk
Extends thigh at hip- flexes leg at knee and rotates it
medially, with flexed hit and knee can extend trunk
Flexes leg at knee and rotates laterally- extends thigh at hip

Short head:
Lateral head of fibula

Anterior Leg: Extensors (all dorsiflex ankle- bring dorsum foot closer to ankle)
Muscles
*Tiblialis Anterior

Innervation
Deep Fibular Nerve
(L4, L5)

*Extensor Hallicus
Longus

Deep Fibular Nerve
(L5, S1)

Attachments
Lateral condyle of tibia and
superior 2/3 of lateral
surface of tibia and
interosseous membrane
Middle part of anterior
surface of fibular and
interosseous membrane

Medial and inferior surfaces of
medial cuneiform and the base
of 1st metatarsal
Dorsal aspect of base of distal
phalanx of great toe (halux)

Function
Dosiflex ankle jt, INVERT foot

Extend great toe, dorsiflex ankle

*Extensor Digitorum
Longus

Deep Fibular Nerve
(L5, S1)

*Fibularis Tertius

Deep Fibular Nerve
(L5, S1)

Lateral condyle tibia and
superior 2/3 of anterior
surface of fibula and
interosseous membrane
Inferior third of anterior
surface of fibula and
interosseous membrane

Middle and distal phalanges of
lateral four digits

Extends lateral 4 digits, dorsiflexes ankle

Dorsum of base of 5th
metatarsal

Dorsiflex ankle, aid in EVERT foot

Lateral Leg- Superficial Fibular Nerve ( NO BLOOD SUPPLY DIRECTLY) EVERT FOOT/plantar flex
Muscles
*Fibularis Longus

Innervation
Superficial Fibular
Nerve (L5, S1, S2)

*Fibularis Brevis

Superficial Fibular
Nerve (L5, S1, S2)

Attachments
Head and superior 2/3
of lateral surface of
fibula
Middle part of lateral
surface of fibula

Base of

1st

Function
EVERT foot, weak plantar flexion

metatarsal and medial
cuneform

Dorsal surface of tuberosity of base
of 5th metatarsal

EVERT foot, weak plantar flexion

Muscles of Posterior Leg- Flexors- Tibial Nerve
Muscles
*Gastrocnemius
Lateral Head
Medial Head

Innervation
Tibial Nerve (S1, S2)

*Soleus Muscle

Tibial Nerve (S1, S2)

*Plantaris

Tibial Nerve (S1, S2)

*Popliteus

Tibial nerve (L4, L5,
S1)

*Flexor Hallicus Longus

Tibial Nerve (S2, S3)

Attachments
Lateral head:
lateral condyle of femur
Medial Head:
Popliteal surface of femur,
superior to medial condyle
Post
...
and lateral supracondylar line
of femur and oblique poplitreal
ligament
Lateral surface of lateral condyle
of femur and lateral meniscus
(intra-articular, within cavity of
knee joint)
Inferior 2/3 of posterior surface of
fibula and inferior part of
interosseous membrane

Posterior surface of calcaneus
via calcaneal tendon

Function
Plantarflex
...


Posterior surface of calcaneus
via calcaneal tendon

Plantarflexes foot at ankle, steadies leg on foot

Posterior surface of calcaneus
via calcaneal tendon

Weak assist plantarflex foot at ankle/flex knee

post surface tibia superior to
scleal line

Weakly flexes leg at knee & UNLOCKS KNEE

Base of distal phalanx of great
toe (hallux)

Flexes great toe , weakly plantarflexes foot at ankle,
supports longitudinal arches of foot

*Flexor digitorum
longus

Tibial Nerve (S2, S3)

*Tibialis posterior

Tibial nerve (L4, L5)

Medial part of posterior surface of
tibia inferior to scleal line and by a
broad tendon to fibula
Interosseous membrane,
posterior surface of tibia inferior
to scleal line, and posterior
surface of fibula

Bases of distal phalanges of
lateral four digits

Flexes lat 4 digits, plantarflexes foot at ankle, supports
long
...
Thereby assisting with its
flexion
Dorsal Interossei (4):
Abduct digits 2-4 and flex
metatarsophalangeal joints

Plantar Interossei (3):
Bases and medial sides of
metatarsals 3-5

Plantar Interossei (3):
Medial sides of bases of proximal
phalanges of 3-5 digits

Layer
4

*Tendon of fibularis
longus muscle

Plantar Interossei (4):
ADDuct digits 3-5 and flex
metatarsalphalangeal joints

Tendons located posterior to medial malleolus: Tom, Dick, and A Very Nervous Harry
Tibialis posterior
flexor Digitorum longus
tibial Artery, tibial Vein, tibial Nerve
flexor Hallicus longus
Nerves of Lumbar Plexus:
Subcostal: T12
Ilioinguinal: L1
Iliohypogastric- L1
Genitofemoral- L1-2
Lateral cutaneous nerve to thigh- L2-3
Femoral: L2-4
Obturator: L2-4
Lumbosacral trunk: L4-5
Motor Nerves of leg include: Anterior compartment thigh (Femoral)
Medial Adductors (Obturator) ex: pectineus obturator +femoral, adductor magnus obturator+ sciatic
Posterior compartment leg, hamstrings (Sciatic)
Anterior Leg (Deep Fibular)
Lateral Leg (Superficial Fibular)
Posterior Leg (Tibial)
Cutaneous Nerves of Leg: Lateral cutaneous nerve of thigh
Lateral sural cutaneous nerve (from common fibular nerve)
Medial sural cutaneous nerve (from tibial nerve)
Medial and Lateral Plantar nerves (from tibial nerve)
Saphenous nerve (from femoral nerve)
Motor Nerves of Lower Limb:

Nerve
Femoral
Obturator

Sciatic
Tibial
Common
Fibular
Superficial
Fibular
Deep
Fibular

Origin
Lumbar Plexus
(L2-L4)
Lumbar Plexus
(L2-L4)
Sacral Plexus (L4S3)
Sciatic Nerve
Sciatic Nerve
Common Fibular
(from Sciatic)
Common Fibular
(from sciatic)

Course
Deep to midpoint inguinal lig, lateral femoral vessel, divides into muscular and
cutaneous in femoral triangle
Enters via obturator foramen and divides- anterior branch descends b/w adductor
longus/brevis; post branch descends b/w adductor brevis/magnus
Enters gluteal through greater sciatric fformane, passes inferior to piriformis, into
post
...
Branch of sciatic, descends through popliteal fossa, into deep post

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