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Chapter 8
 Convict lease- appealing system of convict labor
 Supreme court overruling 14th amendment
 Civil rights cases: overturn civil rights act
 Agricultural system that emerged in reconstruction…: sharecropping (most are white)
 Constitution that includes blacks in U
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Citizenship: 14th amendment
o needed to overturn Dred Scott case (blacks are not citizens of U
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E
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Flipper
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First black officer
 Black Codes: codes passed to censor black citizens behavior
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Grant
o President after Johnson
o Elected by the Black vote
o Suppresses KKK
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Enforces the Force Acts
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Protects the civil rights of blacks as defined in 14th and 15th
amendment
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Anyone suspected as a member of KKK will be detained without trial
 Union league
o Brought up by Republicans in 1862
o Mobilized black support for republican
 HBCU

Brought about by Freedman's Bureau
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Howard University
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Named after white union general
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First HBCU is Alcorn in Mississippi
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Hampton University, of Virginia
First Black Senators
o Hiram Rhodes Revels
o Blanche Bruce
Due Process Clause & Equal protection Clause
o Of the 14th amendment
o Amend citizenship
Most popular household style of African Americans
o Single mothers
o Highest rates of poverty
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No shared income or contributions
Nuclear Family
o Household of husband, wife, and children
Baptist had the largest denomination of African Americans
o Format incorporated traditional African religious rituals
Women involved with preaching or converting in church
o Evangels
Black leave white churches due to discrimination
Black churches opposed to voodoo
Churches also helped with
o Education
o Mutual aid
o Real estate
Black communities preferred black teachers over white teachers
o Better relation with students
o Provided by Freemen's Bureau
Special Field Order 15 issued by William Tecumseh Sherman
o Johnson confiscates this land back from African Americans
o Land becomes an issue for African Americans
o Uses black troops to confiscate land
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Located in Georgia and South Carolina (the Sea Islands)
Civil Rights Act of 1866
Civil Rights Act of 1875
What overturns Civil Rights Act of 1875
o Public accommodations
o Could not be outlawed by congress
Scalawag
o White southerner who vote for republicans
Carpetbagger
o White northerner looking for economic opportunities
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Bag appeared to look like or be made of carpet
Democrats regain control of south by
o Redeem the south
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Murder, terrorism, intimidation
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 Election of 1876
o Samuel Tildon
o Reliford B
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Ferguson: 1896 Court declared Louisisna's Separate Car Act constitutional
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Conductor demanded he go to
"colored car"
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Plessy said act violated
14th Amendment
 Separate but Equal: legal doctrine that would protect segregation for more thatn 50 years
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 Imperialism: justified by white supremacy
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Caucasions had risen to the top through natural selection and survival of the fittest,
being the most advanced and civilized race, economic and political dominance was justified
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 White primary: primary election that effectively excluded blacks
 Wilmington Insurrection: whites killed scores of blacks and destroyed their property
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Innagural
meeting in Washington D
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hARRIET tUBMAN, , Francis Ellen Watkns Harper
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 Uplift: blacks themselves must take primary responsibility for black progress
 Debt pronage: an array of law and custom that workd against blacks economic independence
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Often the same people
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Washington
o Stated when Booker T
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in
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Welles- News paper editor
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Finds out that most black men's lynching was due to economic
competition in rather than accused rapes… Southern Horrors

Launces nationwide campaign against lynching
European economic power in Africa and Asia
o Imperialism
Justifies white dominance
o Social Darwinism
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Concept based of Darwin's "Survival of the Fittest"
o Herbert Spencer brought about Social Darwinism
International meeting in London to address the well fare of blacks…
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Washington embraced vocational edutaion (job skills)
o Founded Tuskegee Institution modeled after Hampton in Virginia
o Issue with vocational education is people are being trained in declining industries
o Writes Up From Slavery- supporting Uplift
 Dubouis focused on Liberal Arts education
o Graduated from Harvard
o Phd in history
o Pioneers sociology
 Subdue black votes
o Hanging
o Grandfather Clause
o Writing Test- read first part of constitution
 Wilson played Birth of A Nation in White house
o Racist
o Produced by…
 Racial etiquette
o Black make way for whites
o No eye contact
 St
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S
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S
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Washington, Ida B
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C
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E
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5 million of african americansw from south to north
o Great Migration
 Chain Migration
 Highly publicized series of black trials of balck youth accused of rape and brought to justice by
Republic Party
o Scotts borough Boys Case
o NAACP did not come to their aid
o Communist party wanted to demonstrate the hypocrisy of the American system
 369th infantry unit in World War I
o Hell Fighter
 Series of race riots in New York
o Red Summer 1919
o Led by James Welder Johnson
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Lyracist to Lift Every Voice and Sing
 Celebration of African American history and culture est
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Woodson in 1925
o Black History Month
 Global organization founded by Marcus Garvin of Jamaica
o UNIA (Universal Negro Improvement Association)
o Criticized Madam C
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Walker
o Stressed that blacks should be proud of their black
 Dubois calls Garvey most dangerous African American to blacks and the world
o
Met with KKK on getting blacks back to Africa
o
Garvey and Dubois believed in Pan Africanism
 March orchestrated by NAACP in protest of
o Silent March
 New Negro Arts Movement flourished in New York
o Harlem Renaissance
 Developed by migrant women to help settle into new lifestyles
o Settlement Houses
o Jane Addams
 Series of laws passed throughout south for racial segregation
o Jim Crow Laws
 Left south due to

Debt lineage (sharecropping)
Lynching
Jim Crow Laws
 Chicago Defender - black newspaper passed around to inform blacks of the better hopes in the
south
o Passed around on trains by black porters on Pullman Cars
o Black southerners counted as 2/3 of the readers of Chicago Defender
o Robert Abbott - Write for a Dat for Night to Freedom
o Passed copies around south
 Other Black Newspapers
o Boston Garden
o New York Amsterdam News
 Phillis Wheatley Homes
 Pentecostalism
o Popular form a denomination for blacks who moved to Chicago (North)
 Many blacks opposed migration out of south because south was home
 Vagrancy Laws
o whites tried to prevent blacks from leaving the south with laws called
 A lot of Pentecostals in Chicago were in Store Fronts
 Due to segregation blacks were overcrowding in areas
o Higher rent than whites
 Beauty Parlors
o Where black women congregated and spoke freely
 Whites only made up 3% of North front
o Blacks were put in labor jobs not combat
 Croix d Guerre
o Highest military honor that French military awarded numerous black soldiers
o America refused to acknowledge black soldiers
 Term New Negro objected Booker T
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Woodson is the father of African American History
 Marcus Garvey
o Black Starline
o Convicted of felony

Mail fraud for soliciting money through mail
o Deported to
o Jamaica
 UNIA
o Black nationalist
o Want to be where blacks derived
 Harlem Renaissance
o Integrationist
o Want to make others embrace black culture
o First Black Broadway
 Louis Armstrong
o Scatting
o
o
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Also Ella Fitzgerald
 Duke Ellington
o A -Train
 Franklin D
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should spend whatever amount of money is needed to end depression
 African Americans did not benefit from Social Securtiy changes
o Excluded farmers
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 Federal Council of Negro Affairs
o Black cabinet
 IDL
o International Defense League
Chapter 11
 Theodore Roosevelt
o Brownsville Texas

Black soldiers accused of a causing a shooting

Weapons did not match evidence
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Given dishonorable discharge
 G
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 Discrimination in army due to fear of upsetting South
 Blacks move west to Kansas
o Exodusters- moving away from white oppression
 Congress of Racial Equality
o CORE
o 1942
 Chicago Defender- black jobs I North
o Pittsburgh Carrier
o Baltimore Afro American
 Allwright vs Smith
o

Supreme court election
Morgan vs Virginia
o Supreme Court Case
Civil Rights movement starts with President Truman
o Forced military to use executive order
Jackie Robinson
Ernie Banks
o

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