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Title: Central Nervous System
Description: These physiology notes break down the CNS of the brain. They also go into detail about the biochemistry of cerebrospinal fluid and its function.
Description: These physiology notes break down the CNS of the brain. They also go into detail about the biochemistry of cerebrospinal fluid and its function.
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Chapter 10
Physiology
Central Nervous System
Brain
•
Forebrain
o Cerebrum
o Diencephalon
•
Midbrain
o Visual & auditory
•
Hindbrain
o Medulla
§
Transition of spinal cord to brain
§
BP, breathing, swallowing
o Pons
§
Relay station between cerebellum & cerebrum
o Cerebellum
*Midbrain, hindbrain, medulla, & pons make up brainstem
Cerebrum
§
Cerebral cortex (bark)
o Frontal lobe
§
Behavior
§
Primary motor cortex
•
Control skeletal muscle movements
o Parietal lobe
§
Primary somatosensory cortex
•
Receives sensory information
o Temporal lobe – hearing
o Occipital lobe – vision
o Association areas
§
§
Found in all lobes
Integrate information
Chapter 10
Physiology
White & Gray matter in the brain
§
Gray Matter
o Unmyelinated nerves & cell bodies
o Nuclei/ganglia: clusters of cell bodies in the brain
o Outer layer (brain)
§
White Matter
o Myelinated axons
o Axons form Fiber tracts in the CNS
o Inner portion (brain)
Spinal Cord
Four regions based on the body
§
Cervical (C1 – C8)
§
Thoracic (T1 – T12)
§
Lumbar (L1 – L5)
§
Sacral (S1 – S5)
§
Coccygeal (1)
Spinal Cord Cross-section
§
Dorsal/posterior horn
o Sensory (afferent) information in via spinal nerve then
dorsal/posterior root to dorsal horn
o Dorsal/posterior root ganglia (DRG): sensory neuron cell
bodies housed here
§
Ventral horn
o Motor neuron cell bodies housed here
o Motor (efferent) control out via ventral root then spinal nerve
Chapter 10
Physiology
White Matter
-Outer portion (spinal cord)
-Fiber tracts (within white matter) carrying information to and from the
brain
•
Myelinated axons
•
Lateral corticospinal tract (descending)
o Voluntary control of skeletal muscles
•
Lateral spinothalamic tract (ascending)
o Sending sensory info about pain & temperature
•
Ventral spinothalamic tract (ascending)
o Sensory info about touch
White and Gray Matter in the Spinal Cord
Opposite location of the brain
Gray Matter
Unmyelinated neurons
Inner portion (spinal cord)
Ventral and dorsal horns
Cerebral Spinal Fluid (CSF)
-Secreted by the choroid plexus
-Location
•
Ventricles (spaces w/in the brain)
•
Subarachnoid space
o Surrounds the entire brain
•
Central canal
o Runs through the spinal cord
Chapter 10
Physiology
CSF
Composition:
•
K+
•
Ca++
•
HCO3 (bicarbonate)
•
C6H12O6
•
H+
•
Na+
•
No protein, no blood cells (bad to have in CSF, if present in a
spinal tap – an indicator of problems)
CSF function
-Chemical protection
•
Removes water from CNS
•
Provides precise ECF for neurons
-Physical protection
•
Buoyancy-reduces the weight of the brain
•
Cushions brain
Blood-brain Barrier
-Composition
•
Capillaries
o Selectively permeable due to tight junctions
•
Astrocytes (glial cells) promote tight junction formation
-Function
•
Regulates the substances that enter the brain
Chapter 10
Physiology
Brain structures that have “leaky” blood-brain barrier
-Medulla
•
Vomit center
•
Needs to detect toxins
-Hypothalamus
•
Releases neurosecretory hormones
•
Travel through hypothalamic, hypophysial portal system to
anterior pituitary
Title: Central Nervous System
Description: These physiology notes break down the CNS of the brain. They also go into detail about the biochemistry of cerebrospinal fluid and its function.
Description: These physiology notes break down the CNS of the brain. They also go into detail about the biochemistry of cerebrospinal fluid and its function.