Notesale: Turn your study into money

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http://www
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A

Dr Ademolu, K
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 Room A102 COLNAS 

Prof

Idowu,A
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 All students are expected 
to participate  in all the course activities and have minimum of 75% attendance to be able 
to write final examination
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C, Barbour, M
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R and Murphy, T
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 Plant Biology 
2) William, P
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 Plant Physiology 
3) Sterwood, L; Klandorf, H and Yancey, P
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 Animal physiology 
4) Ann F
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Non-living things may perform one
or more of these processes, for example a crystal can grow and machine can move
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Transport is a process of moving materials over short or long
distances within the organism
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(3) Feeding or nutrition is the intake of energy and simple raw materials by plants and their
synthesis into food
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(4) Respiration is the process of releasing energy from food, for the performance of life
processes
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(6) Growth is generally an increase in sizeof an organism arising from the synthesis of new
structural material using the energy provided by respiration and raw materials from outside
the organism
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Homeostasis
All the life processes occurring in the living organism must be performed in spite of changes
in the surrounding environment and of different demands on the organism
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Homeostasis can be defined as the maintenance of steady state in the animal body
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Homeostasis can also be defined as a means whereby physiological systems
operate both separately and together to buffer against fluctuations from the optimum conditions
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PLANT NUTRITION
MATERIAL REQUIREMENTS SOURCES
The raw materials required by green plants are H2O, CO2 and are variety of inorganic ions
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Many plants require certain
other elements in such small quantities that they are known as trace elements or micro
nutrients
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The sources of these substances vary with the environment of the plant concerned
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SOURCES OF METABOLITES
The organic substances used by plants and animals in their metabolic activities were
fundamentally thesame
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Most of these compounds are manufactured by plants while majority
of them have to be presented to animals in many forms
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METABOLITES: Are therefore materials involved in metabolic activities of the living
celland these include:
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Nitrogen containing compounds
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These are stored in plants in the endosperm, cotyledons, roots,
leaves, stem etc
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Absorption is also actively carried out by the roots
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dissolved in
soil water are independent of each other and they are not
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The ions may travel and as such they combine into suitable
compounds
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The fact that the ions of some salt are higher in concentration in the cell sap and yet
more ions are still added shows that some active transport against the concentration gradient
is going on
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I

Passive absorption is physical and non-metabolic i
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it doesn’t need the

expenditure of ATP or cellular energy
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Transpiration may help in the
absorption of ions through the transpiration pull
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II

This is the principal method of salt absorption
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It is assumed that a Carrier Molecule (probably
a phospholipid called lecithin) picks up ions from the outer part of the membrane, into the
inner part
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The
carrier method has been found to be dependent on ATP especially from oxidation of
glucose molecules
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ELIMINATION OF WASTE MATERIALS OR PRODUCTS AND METHODS IN
PLANTS AND ANIMALS
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Excretory products
are of numerous different kinds and they vary from species to species, and even from time to
time in the same organism according to the food supply and the condition, They may be taken

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They may be products of cellular
decomposition, or substances formed as a result of normal metabolic processes, or the result
of some disease condition
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Faeces are eliminated or ejected from the
gut through the peristaltic movement of the muscles of the alimentary canal
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However in plants, there
are none
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Unwanted metabolites may be
secreted into intra or intercellular spaces
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Parts of plants
such as leaves, branches, seeds and fruits may be shed and carry with them accumulation of
unnecessary substances
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Excretory products in plants may include Calcium salts of organic acids oxalic acid,
calcium oxalate crystals, some metallic ions
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Aluminium oxide may make up as 30-80% of Australian
oak
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Such alkaloids include; nicotine from
tobacco leaves, quinine from the bark of cinchona tree, morphine from the fruits of poppy
plant, strychnine and brucine from strychnosplant,Atrophine from the deadly night
shade(Atropa) and colchicine from the meadow safon
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GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

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During growth, the amount of cytoplasm generally increases, causing an increasing
length, volume, area or weight of the organism
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Plants in their development may form seeds which
germinate and show primary growth into roots, stems, leaves and flowers
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Animal development may show profound changes called
metamorphosis seen in insects and amphibians
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When the rate of
anabolism is greater than the rate of catabolism, the organism will show growth
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Enzymes Properties, Composition, Types, mechanism of action
Classification
Enzymes are biological catalyst which accelerate or decelerate chemical reactions in living
cells
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Enzymes are proteinous in nature and sometimes the proteins have non-protein parts attached
to them
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If the attachment between the protein and non-protein part of an enzyme is loosely bonded by
hydrogen bond, the non-protein part is called a co-enzyme or co-factor, examples being
vitamins
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Enzymes was first discovered in the 19th century
by Edward Buchner when he found yeast turning sugar into alcohol
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Respiration
Respiration is essentially a process of oxidation of organic compounds especially
simple carbohydrates such as glucose in the living cell with the release of energy in form of
ATP
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The energy produced is made available to the living cell for its metabolic activivties
other stored food materials such as fats, proteins and other carbohydrates can be used in the
absence of glucose
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The oxidation of glucose may be (i) complete as in Aerobes (i
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living organisms that
take in oxygen) with the formation of CO2, water and energy
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The oxidation may also be incomplete as in some
anaerobes (living organism) that does not utilize oxygen e
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bacteria, yeast etc
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g
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The first phase is glycolytic and it
takesplace in the absence of oxygen
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The third phase is the electron transport chains in which the high energy electrons of the
hydrogen removed are fed to produce cellular energy or ATP at different points

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