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Chapter 1: History
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Deviance, distress, dysfunction,danger
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Thought mental disorders were a myth, created as a societal destruction to fix
abnormal behavior
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Stone Age method - Drilling a hole in the skull to let the deviants out
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Hippocrates: imbalance of biological fluids
i
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Galen: carried on tradition, further characterization
5
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Huge distrust of science
b
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Superstition, spiritual models
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Movement away from rational approach/scientific approach/medical models to
religious approach
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One of the first physicians to specialize in mental illness/psychiatric problems
7
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Asylum reform
i
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Who were part of the reform of asylum care in France, Britain, and America?
a
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Moral treatment, allowed patients to move freely around the grounds
b
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Created the York retreat - the hospital, rational living
c
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Lobbied for reform, school teacher
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Because of the reform, more patients began being hospitalized
...

10
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Below
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Emil Kraepelin: Somatogenic approach
i
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Influenced the ultimate creation of the DSM
iii
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Kraft-Ebbing: General Paresis
i
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What therapeutic technique is associated with Mesmer, Breuer and Freud?
a
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Mesmer practiced hypnosis
c
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What is the difference between a somatogenic and psychogenic model of mental illness?
a
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Somatogenic (Soma means body) model: From physical problems
14
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Released hundreds of thousands from hospitals
i
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Mental Health Act in the 1960s led to such
15
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Community mental health programs and resilience training
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Researching based on facts proven before
b
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What are some of the key approaches to studying psychological difficulties?
a
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What are some potential biases in research studies and how do we try to fix them?
a
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Observer bias: doctor expectations or personal stakes
i
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Subject bias: subject’s expectations
i
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Measurement bias: insuring tools being used are reliable
19
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(Dependability) How consistent and (Validity) how accurate the tool is?
20
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Keeping information secret
i
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Patients are unaware of what groups they’re in
b
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Informed consent, confidentiality, no harm done to the patient, and
debriefing them
Chapter 2: Models of Abnormality
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Combination of predisposition and environmental factors to bring about a
disorder
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Cognitive:
i
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Humanistic/existential
i
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Socio-cultural
i
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Biological
i
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Psychodynamic
i
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Childhood experiences shape personality
2
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Behavioral
i
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What are the 3 broad causes of dysfunction from a biological perspective
a
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E​volution, overly developed responses
c
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What are the key structures of the central and peripheral nervous system?
a
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Brain and Spinal Cord
b
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Somatic - skeletal
ii
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Sympathetic and parasympathetic split in this nervous system
a
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Parasympathetic: Returns to normal bodily functions,
decreases heart rate and stops sweating
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The hippocampus
b
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Controls emotional center of the brain, processing experiences
6
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Responsible for the perception of emotions, perceiving quality of experiences on
an emotional level
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Frontal lobe
i
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Parietal lobe
i
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Temporal lobe
i
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Oxyciptial
i
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Name 4 neurotransmitters
a
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What is the gap between neuroses called:
a
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What are the 3 major types of biological treatment for psychological disorders?
a
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Psychosurgery - (lobotomies) Connections cut between lobes of brains
c
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How does Freud describe the personality?
a
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ID
1
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Ego
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Super Ego
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What are Freud’s domains of consciousness?
a
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Accessible
b
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Driving force behind actions, but unaware of such
c
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Memories not thinking about currently, but potentially accessible
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Psycho-sexual stages
i
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Pregenital (birth -6)
a
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Anal
c
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Latency
2
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What are defense mechanisms?
a
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To hide conflict and anxiety
b
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Allows us to function with conflict, suggestion we need a layer of defense to
protect ourselves from anxiety
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Classical conditioning
i
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What are the elements of Pavlov’s conditioning?
a
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Food
b
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Salvation
c
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Bell
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Which model of learning is associated with BF Skinner?
a
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Positive and Negative Reinforcement
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Positive and Negative Punishment
1
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What is the difference between positive and negative reinforcement?
a
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Negative reinforcement: something taken away to continue the behavior
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The Social Learning Theory
i
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Learning more complex ideas had a cognitive component
i
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Beliefs developed, influence behavior
20
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Self-deception, lack of self-worth, hiding from responsibilities
b
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Who do we associate with this model? (Humanistic Perspective)
a
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What does Rogers mean by conditions of worth?
a
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Maslow's’ hierarchy of needs?
a
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Attachment needs: relationships
c
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Pinnacle: self-actualization
i
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Major causes from Cognitive Perspective, which theorists do you associate with this
model?
a
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Albert Ellis and Aaron Beck
25
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Family-social perspective: what influences are affecting you within family and
community
b
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What are the 5 major psychological approaches to treatment?
a
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What do we mean by an integrative approach?
a
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Biopsychological approach to explaining and treating disorders?
a
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Clinical Interview:
a
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Structured or unstructured
2
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Personality Tests: asking questions about behavior, feelings
i
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Response Inventories:
i
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Self-report inventories to discuss symptoms and reactions
c
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Brain scan, CAT scan, MRI
d
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Test intellectual ability
e
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Psychological test to brain function
f
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Physical image of the brain to see brain function
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Observation of behavior
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Real life situations
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Clinician’s office
3
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Perception of behavior
h
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Match person to prototype of condition for diagnosis
ii
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Standardized?
a
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What is the DSM 5?
a
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First DSM published - 1952
5
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Constellation of related symptoms or pattern of a group of symptoms
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Earliest classifications of disorders, he influenced the way we think about and
define disorders
b
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What are some of the problems with diagnostics from DSM?
a
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Many people don’t fit into just one diagnosis
i
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David Rosenhan?
i
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Anti-social environment
2
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Critiqued systems
8
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Gender Identity Disorder changed to Gender-Dysphasia
b
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PTSD moved
d
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OCD moved to obsessive disorders section
1
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Generalized Anxiety Disorder
a
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Free floating anxiety, without a specific cause
ii
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Metacognitions:
i
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Worrying about worrying
c
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Worrying reduces bodily reactions
1
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Reduces/manages physiological arousal
2
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Specific, Agoraphobia, and Social

b
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Situational
ii
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Environment
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Preparedness - A predisposition to develop certain phobias based on prior
experience
d
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Learned relax reaction to things feared
ii
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Gradual approach
1
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Biological Challenge Test
i
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Aware of bodily reactions
3
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Symptoms
i
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Ex
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Explanations:
i
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Abnormal norepinephrine activity in the brain
2
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Cognitive Theorists?
i
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To treat, correct misinterpretation
d
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Panic, escape the situation
1
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Anxiety goes down when away from panic
4
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Obsession: Thought, intrusive thought
b
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Treatments:
i
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Thought-action fusion?
i
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Thoughts are actually occurring
iii
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Psycho-education?

i
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Anything teaching someone about psychological processes as part of
therapy
What area of the brain is associated with OCD?
i
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2 Major Systems that are activated when we feel stressed?
a
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Peripheral Nervous System and Endocrine system work in the stress response?
a
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Sympathetic and Parasympathetic systems?
a
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Parasympathetic, decreasing arousal + lowering heartbeat
4
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Central response system in brain
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Sends message to Pituitary
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Releases hormone to alert Adrenal glands
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Less than a month after a traumatic effect
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Immediately fine, then affected
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PTSD comes from series of events
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Reoccurring dreams
b
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Physiological reactions as reminders of the event
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Inability to remember important aspects of event
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Hyper-vigilance and extreme struggle response
13
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Combat, natural events
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Hippocampus
i
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Amygdala
i
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Personal or social factors
a
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Vulnerability and protective
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Return to constructive living
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Drug therapy
b
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Family-group therapy
d
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EMDR
a
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Dissociative Amnesia
a
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Kinds of memory loss
a
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Jason Bourne
a
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Memory loss
ii
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New identity
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2 or more distinct personalities
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Each personality is aware of one another
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Personalities have no awareness of one another
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Some are aware, but awareness not mutual
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Response to traumatic effect, early and prolonged trauma
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People, susceptible to condition, have a link to memory
i
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Self-hypnosis
a
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Child does as victim
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To recognize nature
b
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Gap personalities into one
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Person is becoming one

Chapter 6: Mood Disorders
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Unipolar, one mood remains at one pull of depression or mania
b
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5 broad types of symptoms in depression
a
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Dysthymic Disorder
a
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Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder
a
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Mood Disorders have a genetic basis
a
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Neurotransmitters
a
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Norepinephrine
7
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Unipolar experience high levels of cortisol during stress
8
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Anti-depression drugs, ECT, Brain Stimulation
9
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Electroconvulsive Therapy
10
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Inhibitor medication
b
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Tricyclics
a
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Keep hormone levels higher
12
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Prozac
b
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Increase levels of serotonin without affecting norepinephrine
13
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Deep Brain Stimulation
b
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Electric Stimulation
d
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Martin Seligman
a
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No longer have control over life, believe that they themselves are
responsibility for their state
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Cognitive Theorist
i
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Role of thinking in depression
1
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Habitual automatic negative thinking
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Experiences, Yourself, and your Future
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Instruction on the model
17
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Loss
i
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Behavioral Explanation
a
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Less rewarding experiences the more depressed one becomes
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Symptoms and expression vary from culture and societies
b
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Bipolar I and II
a
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II - Hypomania and depression
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Mild depression and mild mania
22
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b
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Ion Activity
a
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Speed up of thinking possible
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Lithium
b
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Individual or Family Therapy
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Support system and medication
Chapter 8: Disorders Featuring Somatic Symptoms
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Deceptive falsification of physical or psychological symptoms
b
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Used to be called Munchausen's Disorder
2
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Psycho-social conflict affect involuntary motor or neurological symptoms
b
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Expression of psychological conflict
d
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g
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Somatic Symptom Disorder
a
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Biological or psychological reactions that cause obsessive worrying for
relief
b
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Primary vs Secondary Reward
a
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Secondary - kindness from others, avoid unpleasant activities
5
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Hypochondriac
i
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No real symptoms
6
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Focusing on root cause of symptoms
i
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Treatment for ‘Preoccupation’ Disorder?
a
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Exposure treatment
8
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Biological study of connection between body and stress
9
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Bacteria
10
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Protection from antigens
b
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Stress-related behavior affect health?
a
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Three elements of the “hardy” personality
a

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