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Title: Physics Prep for Exam / Overview
Description: Physics Semester 2 Notes in preparation for exam. Discusses Fluid Dynamics, Temperature and Heat, Thermodynamics, Electrostatics, Electricity, and Astrophysics. 13 Pages. Aimed for high school physics students or for introducing / overviewing mentioned subjects. Good for review and/ or studying.
Description: Physics Semester 2 Notes in preparation for exam. Discusses Fluid Dynamics, Temperature and Heat, Thermodynamics, Electrostatics, Electricity, and Astrophysics. 13 Pages. Aimed for high school physics students or for introducing / overviewing mentioned subjects. Good for review and/ or studying.
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Chapter 8- Fluid Dynamics
Fluids are non-solid states of matter in which the atoms or molecules are free to move past each
other, as in a gas or a liquid
● fluids flow and change shape
...
0 x 10^3 kg/ m^3
...
There are two types: laminar and turbulent
1) Laminar fluids have regularity to them and a same smooth path for all the
particles in it
...
And irregular flow has eddy currents
...
○ The air travels faster over the top of the plane (high velocity) and slower
in the bottom (low velocity)
...
Pressure and area have a
direct relationship
...
● Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in a substance
...
U = internal energy
● Thermal equilibrium is the state where two bodies have the same temperature
...
0*C is the melting point of water
...
The equations for temperature conversions are listed below:
Heat is the energy transferred between objects because of a difference in their temperatures
...
When two objects reach the same temperature, thermal
equilibrium is reached
...
1) Thermal conduction has to do with touching; a physical transfer of energy between
particles, such as a hot burner touching skillet
○ Insulation doesn't allow conduction
2) Convection has to do with fluids flowing due to differences in temperature/ density; cold
and hot matter
...
Energy is conserved
...
For example, when ice melts and becomes water, or when
water evaporates and becomes water vapor
...
It
can be transferred, but not destroyed
...
ΔUnet = 0; Qnet = Wnet
Wnet = Qn - Qc
The second law of thermodynamics states that no given process that converts heat entirely into
work is possible
...
efficiency = Wnet/Qh => Qh-Qc/Qh => 1- Qc/Qh
Qh= energy added as heat
Wnet= net work done by engine
Qc= energy removed as heat
Pressure Vs Volume Graph
The ideal gas law describes a hypothetical gaseous state equation:
PV = nRT
P= pressure
V= volume
n= amount of substance in moles
R= gas constant (8
...
Most of the energy is removed as heat
...
The intake air would be hot while the output air would be cold, and the intake
air would be fully used and equal to the work and exhausted energy combined
...
It increases in all natural processes
...
An electrical conductor is a material where charges move freely
...
Induction is the process of charging a conductor by bringing it near another charged object and
grounding the conductor
...
The electrons jump
...
Electroscopes show if an item is charged or not
...
6 x 10^ -19 C
Electrostatic Force is the attraction or repulsion or particles or objects because of their electric
charge:
Unlike charges attract
...
Coulomb’s Law states that there must a force existing between charged objects;
F electric= kC (q1q2/r^2)
F = electric force
kC = Coulomb constant (8
...
They are
capable of acting through space, producing an effect even when there is no physical contact
between the objects involved
To better define an electric field more precisely, we use small positive test charges and
electric field diagrams
...
There are also
rules for drawing the diagrams for electric fields:
1) The entire diagram must be filled
○ If there was an area with no field lines, the Fnet would = 0 (which is
incorrect)
2) Don't cross Electric Field lines
○ The small positive test charge can’t go in two different directions
3) The closer the Electric Field lines, the stronger the electric field and force are
4) Number of field lines represent the magnitude of q
● If the lines are going away from each other, then the objects are both positive
● If the line are going towards each other, one object is positive and the other is negative
○ The closed you are to an electric field/ the closer the lines on the drawing are, the
stronger the field is
Electric field strength due to a point charge:
E = kC• q/r^2
Vector Addition involves adding up the x and y values
...
Current = I
I = ΔQ/Δt
ΔQ = charge passing through a given area
Δt = time interval
● The SI unit for current is the ampere; A
Conventional current is the flow of positive charges; election (negative) charges have a
conventional current in the direction OPPOSITE to their physical motion
...
Voltage is a force measured in volts
...
Resistance is the opposition presented to electric current provided by a material or device
...
R = ΔV/I
R = resistance
V = potential difference (Volts)
I = current
Ohm’s Law:
V = IR
R = V/I
I = V/R
Power is the rate of conversion of electrical energy
...
P = IΔV
P = power
I = current
V = voltage
A schematic diagram is a representation of a circuit that uses lines to represent wires and
different symbols to represent components
...
Electric Circuit is a set of electrical components connected such that they provide one or
more complete paths for the movement of charges
...
A closed circuit means the switch is closed, and there is a steady current
...
Series Circuits: resistors in series carry the same current (I)
...
For resistors in series:
Req = R1 + R2 + R3…
Equivalent resistance equals the total of individual resistances in series
...
● To find the total current in a series circuit, simply the circuit using the equation above,
then use ΔV = IR to calculate the current
...
You can also use ΔV = IR to
find the potential difference (voltage) across each resistor (ΔV1 = IR1 and ΔV2 = IR2…)
Parallel Circuits: two or more components of a circuit that provide separate conducting paths for
current because the components are connected across common points or junctions
...
For resistors in parallel:
1/Req = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3…
The equivalent resistance of resistors in parallel
can be calculated using a reciprocal relationship
...
Complex Circuits have both parallel and series resistors within them
...
The Doppler effect is an observer change in frequency when there is relative motion between the
source of wanes and an observer
...
Pitch is a measure or how high or low a sound is perceived to be, depending on the frequency of
the sound wave
...
0 x 10^8 m/s
...
Uniformitarianism has to do with rational conclusions based on evidence
...
This applies to the
life cycle of stars
...
You see parts of the
human life cycle, and you can make conclusions about the process as a result
...
9 billion years ago, all energy and matter
condensed into a single point that was infinitely small and infinitely dense; the result was the
explosive expansion of the universe
...
This is the oldest thing we can look at, and it exists in all directions
...
2) Red Shift: all light from other galaxies appear to be red-shifted
...
This means that we are all moving away from each other, still expanding
...
Stars are made up of mostly hydrogen
...
The Energy released from nuclear fusion pushes against the Fg
...
● Stars are classified by brightness (luminosity) and temperature, as well as their mass/ size
● The sun is a small/ average sized star
...
The asteroid belt separates the rocky planets from the gaseous ones
...
Stretches past Pluto
...
However, they
eventually run out of hydrogen (fuel), which results in not as much outwards energy
...
This allows the
stars to go into higher order nuclear fusion
...
This expands the star because more energy is released
...
Does not interact with
E+M waves, besides giving a gravitational pull on them
Antimatter: matter, but subatomic particles with opposite charge
...
Title: Physics Prep for Exam / Overview
Description: Physics Semester 2 Notes in preparation for exam. Discusses Fluid Dynamics, Temperature and Heat, Thermodynamics, Electrostatics, Electricity, and Astrophysics. 13 Pages. Aimed for high school physics students or for introducing / overviewing mentioned subjects. Good for review and/ or studying.
Description: Physics Semester 2 Notes in preparation for exam. Discusses Fluid Dynamics, Temperature and Heat, Thermodynamics, Electrostatics, Electricity, and Astrophysics. 13 Pages. Aimed for high school physics students or for introducing / overviewing mentioned subjects. Good for review and/ or studying.