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LECTURE NOTE ON FUNDAMENTALS OF JOURNALISM
FUNDAMENTAL OF JOURNALISM:
Journalism constantly involves humanity
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The aim is the
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The journalist as a news finder or fact finder or reporter to pass over, when an event
occur, the journalist asked himself:
* How relevant is the event to the audience of the medium?
*How useful is it to them?
*Of what interest is it to the audience or public?
*How relevant is the event to the audience of the medium?
*How useful is it to them?
*Of what interest is it to the audience or public?
From the above questions, the journalist draw guidelines for judging the news of any events,
issues
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Man had always had appetite for news and his hunger for it has
increase over the years
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In connection, journalism perform an explaining function to the society
exposition
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The
occupation of journalism is news and news all the time
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Schramm and Roberts (1971), says people follow the news to be sensitive to available ability and
to be forewarn about possible dangers ahead
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Communication is essential to the survival of man in the society
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WHAT IS JOURNALISM?
Journalism is the art of investigating and reporting of events which include illustration
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Journalism is the mirror held
to life and the mirror should reflect only what is real
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It monitors the universe on our behalf
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He asked that the body of journalism is fact but
people are at it very heart
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What people do, what affects them, what they are involves
in, constitute what journalism report on everyday
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The purpose of journalism is to made the world a better place for all
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He report or he may write future, editorial or
edit a copy
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The
range of work is as wide as the world around him
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A journalist does more than that
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He comments
and criticise and put together the news
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As all he thinks, there
is no end to a journalist learning because you will be inform and educate others who heavily rely
on the media to be introduce to places and event beyond their immediate world
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The two a clearly discus below for easy clarification
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Mass Communication deals with the procedure of conveying or transmitting a message to the
general population through media like radio, newspapers, magazines, television, internet and so
on
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Aspirants can study their interesting subjects in mass communication
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Numerous leading educational institutions

offer diversecourses in the concerned fields
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A graduation in the respective fields is a requisite for the entry-level jobs
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Those who pursue the research programs in mass
communication can become research analysts in the related areas
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Journalism stands as a profession
while mass communication serves as occupation
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SIMILARITIES BETWEEN MASS COMMUNICATION AND JOURNALISM
Journalism and mass communication live interdependently for survival
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While without mass communication journalism
efforts will be fruitless
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Another similarities is their ability of using the
mass media to achieve their aims
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The two a clearly discus below for easy clarification
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It includes Bachelors’,
Masters’ and even diploma courses
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Detailed awareness in political science, economics, and English
language will be really helpful in honing the talents of a journalist
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Journalists have wide scope in India and in foreign
countries
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Likewise, in the electronic modes of
communication, they can get employed as researchers, production workers, presenters and so on
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ADVOCACY JOURNALISM: This type of journalism is where a journalist specialised in
writing a story in support of public plan or action
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This type of journalism is more or less
sensational
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YELLOW JOURNALISM: This journalism involves the writing of articles, stories and
features about people or events which is less factual and current
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WHAT IS NEWS?
The definition of news is view by many scholars and none is universally accepted
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News is a report or an account of event
that is new, fresh, timely, untimely, happening, has happened, usual, unusual, strange, accurate,
inaccurate unique, abnormality, unexpected and nearness of event and interesting to large
number of viewers
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"

News is a submission of the reporter in the news room
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This is so as only the media houses that decide whether a
report is a news worthy or not
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Girais Salama said that news is a report of unbiased and real and retain unknown information
that affect the life, welfare and interest of the readers, viewers and listener
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Therefore, accident, fires, business, public meeting, crime, celebration etc all provide
materials for news
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Kareem (1991) observe that, news is what sales on paper to the public
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According to Levin (2000)
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He further observed that
another quick way to test if something is news is to ask yourself, " Who cares?" if you think
enough of your readers, you may need to know if your report is probably news worthy
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News is information about an event, some development plan, and movement of
important persons as it is said, "big names make big news
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1
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That is the factual reporting of news that is current
and important
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Stories covering
the appointment of new vice-chancellor of Nasarawa State University, Keffi; Revision of
admission require and theft of sports equipment from the University's sport office are examples
of hard news
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SOFT NEWS:- Soft news as well as it is called it is usually appeal to be less factual and its
less current and important than hard news
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All media offer soft
news
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This is the type that causes an intense interest and
emotional reaction because it touches people in a way that it can affect any other person
positively or negatively
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A goods news has the following qualities: Accurate, Balanced, Truthful, Recent, Exact, Perfect,
Objective, Impartial, Unbiased, Disinclined, Concise, Short, Brief and To the point
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You read, listen, borrow and blend to develop a
voice that is comfortable and informative
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In fact,
news reporters would often “phone in” their stories remotely, so they got to the point
immediately in case the connection was broken
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In recent years, news writers can be less concerned
about having their stories trimmed, especially in the era of online journalism, where stories can
be as long as necessary
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Donald Murray, former writer and writing coach at the Boston Globe, says there are seven
qualities to a good news story
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1
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When reporters ignore your pitches, it is
often because they lack substance
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In PR, we often want a reporter to get all the
details
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Remember what your core story
idea is and stay focused in your pitch
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Context: Good news stories offer readers perspective
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Think about who will be the face of the story you
pitch
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Whomever you
put forward – and you should offer up different sources to enhance your success – should
understand and be passionate about the story
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Form: Good news stories take shape and give the reader a sense of completion
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ELEMENTS OF NEWS:
News elements are what makes a report or story news worthy
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Those involved in broadcast news must understand 12 factors that constitute news value,
or newsworthiness
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TIMELINESS: News is what's new
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report during the 6 p
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However, tomorrow, unless there are major new
developments, the same story will probably not be important enough to mention
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As the news have to come when
the audience are ready to receive it
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This implies that the closer the story settings, the more the interest of the audience
capture
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g
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Another is, if 15 people are killed in your hometown, your local TV station will undoubtedly
consider it news
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But there are
exceptions
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EXCEPTIONAL QUALITY: One exception centers on how the people died
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Exceptional quality refers to how uncommon an event is
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The fact that the killer bees are now in the United States and may
eventually be a threat to people watching the news makes the story much more newsworthy
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Eventually, the story behind this seemingly common burglary brought down a U
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President
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PROMINENCE: This has to do with well known people in the society
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president give birth it is news worthy
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If a U
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Supreme
Court Justice gets married, it's news; if John Smith, your next-door neighbor, gets married, it
probably isn't
6
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The conflict
may be physical or emotional
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The conflict
could be as simple as a person standing on his principles and spending a year fighting city hall
over a parking citation
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Likewise, the number of people affected by the event, whether it's a new health threat or a new
tax ruling, the more newsworthy the story is
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CONSEQUENCE: The fact that a car hit a utility pole isn't news, unless, as a consequence,
power is lost throughout a city for several hours
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Examples would be a
baby beauty contest, a person whose pet happens to be a nine-foot boa constrictor, or a man who
makes a cart so that his two-legged dog can move around again
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(Or, as shown here, a kid
meeting a kid
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A flood will
undoubtedly have many human-interest angles: "a lost child reunited with its parents after two
days", "a boy who lost his dog", or "families returning to their mud-filled homes"
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PATHOS: The fact that people like to hear about the misfortunes of others can't be denied
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Some call these stories "tear jerkers
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This category isn't just limited
to people
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The story of a six year-old boy who shot his mother with
a revolver found in a bedside drawer has more shock (and therefore news) value than if same
woman died of a heart attack
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The lure of these two factors is also related to some stories getting inordinate
attention, such as the sordid details of a politician's or evangelist's affair--which brings us to the
final point
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TITILLATION COMPONENT: This factor primarily involves gender and is commonly
featured which some would say exploited during gender sensitive
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Stories may
even find him because someone may give him a tip-information that leads to a potential stories
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A source provide reliable, truthful
information on a topic
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Once a reporter finds a stories he
need to locate sources to give him enough useful facts to complete his story
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Press Release
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Obituary
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Primary Source: The primary source offers the best and most reliable information on the topicinformation that is essential to your stories
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g
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A primary source may also be an original and official report
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A reporter should always find at least one primary source on his stories
but he should not stop on none
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Secondary Source: This type of source offers a reliable second-hand information on the topic
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People's comments are also part of a secondary source
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Written By: Divinelove Udorji
Email Address: divineloveudorji@gmail

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