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Monai Elnaasani

1- Characteristics of living organisms
Characteristics of living organisms;

• Movement – an action by an organism or part of an organism causing

a change of position or place
• Respiration – the chemical reactions in cells that break down nutrient
molecules and release energy for metabolism
• Sensitivity – the ability to detect or sense stimuli in the internal or
external environment and to make appropriate responses
• Growth – a permanent increase in size and dry mass by an increase in
cell number or cell size or both
• Reproduction – the processes that make more of the same kind of
organism
• Excretion – removal from organisms of the waste products from
metabolism (chemical reaction in cells including respiration), toxic
materials and substances in excess requirements
...

Toxic materials for example urea
Organisms are usually classified into groups based on their similar
features; however there are other methods based on the DNA/RNA
sequence of organisms
Classification systems;
• aim to reflect evolutionary relationships
• traditionally based on studies of morphology and anatomy the
sequences of bases in DNA and of amino acids in proteins are used as a
more accurate means of classification
• organisms which share a more recent ancestor (are more closely
related) have base sequences in DNA that are more similar than those
that share only a distant ancestor
Species is a group of organisms which have a lot of features in common
and can breed with each other producing young fertile offspring
0610 Cambridge, 2016,2017 and 2018 IGCSE Biology notes for success

Monai Elnaasani

Binomial system is a system of naming species in which a scientific name
of an organism is made of two parts showing the genus(in capital) and
species (small letters)
E
...
homo sapiens; homo– genus , sapiens-species

Kingdoms:
Prokaryotes;
• Belong to kingdom monera
• They include bacteria
• No membrane
• No nucleus
• Organelles
Protoctists;
• Eukaryotes
• Single celled except for a minority which are multicellular
• Organisms which do not fit to other kingdoms
Fungi;
• Body consists of mycelium
• Network of strands called hyphae
• Surrounded by walls of chitin
• Cytoplasm is not divided into cells
• Multicellular
Plant;
• Multicellular
• Photosynthetic
• Produce fruits
• Autotrophic
Animal;
• Multicellular
• Gain by digesting organic matter
• Genetic information with cell
• Cells don’t have a cell wall

0610 Cambridge, 2016,2017 and 2018 IGCSE Biology notes for success

Monai Elnaasani

Vertebrates living organisms with a backbone
Invertebrates living organisms with no backbone
Vertebrates;

Animal Kingdom:

Mammals • Hair or fur
• 2 pairs of limbs/legs
• Give births
• Produce milk from mammary glands
Birds • Feathers
• Wings
• Lay eggs
• Beaks
• Scaly skin
Fish • Wet scaly skin
• Gills
• Lay eggs
• Fins/ tail
Amphibians • Wet non scaly skin
• Lay eggs
Reptiles • Dry, scaly skin
• Lay eggs
• 2 pairs of limbs/ legs
Invertebrates;
Nematode • worms with unsegmented bodies
• Long
0610 Cambridge, 2016,2017 and 2018 IGCSE Biology notes for success

Monai Elnaasani

• Thin
• Pointed at both ends
• No chaetae (bristles)
• Have protein cuticle
• Endoparasites or soil dwelling
Annelid • Worms with segmented bodies
• Chaetae on segments to help them move
• Protein cuticle
Molluscs • Soft body
• Unsegmented
• Three body parts; head, foot and hump
• Calcium carbonate shell
Arthropod • Segmented body
• Jointed limbs
• Exoskeleton
Crustacea • 2 body parts
• 5 or more pairs of legs
• No wings
• 1 pair of compound eyes
• 1 pair of antennae
• Chalky exoskeleton
Insect • 3 body parts
• 3 pairs of legs
• 1 or 2 pairs of wings
• 1 pair of compound eyes
• 1 pair of antennae
• Waxy exoskeleton

0610 Cambridge, 2016,2017 and 2018 IGCSE Biology notes for success

Monai Elnaasani

Arachnid • 2 body parts
• 4 pairs of legs
• No wings
• 4 pairs of simple eyes
• No antennae
Myriapod • Segmented body and head
• Legs on each segment
• No wings
• 1 pair of simple eyes
• 1 pair of antennae
Plant kingdom:
1
...
Flowering plants • Produce seeds
• Have roots, stem and leaves
• Have xylem and phloem
A
...
Dicotyledons • Network of veins
• Brood leaves
• Stomata found in lower surface
• 2 cotyledons (2 seed leaf)
Seeds are produced in the ovary of the flower

0610 Cambridge, 2016,2017 and 2018 IGCSE Biology notes for success



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