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CHAPTER

1

Biology: Exploring Life
Chapter Objectives
Opening Essay
Explain how snowy owls are well adapted to their life in frozen, barren habitats
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1
1
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2
1
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3
1
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Describe the levels of biological organization from molecules to the biosphere,
noting the interrelationships between levels
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Explain why cells are a special level in biological organization
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Describe the relationship between structure and function
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Evolution, the Core Theme of Biology
1
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6
1
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Compare the three domains of life
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Describe the process and products of natural selection
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8
1
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8
1
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Compare the definitions
and use of inductive and deductive reasoning in scientific investigations
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Explain how science is a social activity
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Biology and Everyday Life
1
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11

Explain how evolution impacts the lives of all humans
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Explain why an understanding of
science is essential to our lives
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1

Lecture Outline
I
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Snowy owls exhibit adaptations for life in their frozen, barren habitat, including
1
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Keen vision and acute hearing that helps them locate prey
B
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II
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1
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Biology is the scientific study of life
2
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Order—the highly ordered structure that typifies life,
b
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Growth and development—consistent growth and development controlled by
inherited DNA,
d
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Regulation—an ability to respond to environmental stimuli,
f
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Environmental Adaptation—adaptations evolve over many generations, as individuals with traits best suited to their environments have greater reproductive success
and pass their traits to offspring
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1
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Biological organization unfolds as follows:
a
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Ecosystem— All the organisms living in a particular area and the physical components with which the organisms interact
c
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Population— All the individuals of a species living in a specific area
e
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Organ system— Several organs that cooperate in a specific function
g
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Tissue— A group of similar cells that perform a specific function
i
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Organelle— A membrane enclosed structure that performs a specific function
within a cell
k
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Emergent properties are new properties that arise in each step upward in the hierarchy
of life from the arrangement and interactions among component parts
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1
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Cells are the level at which the properties of life can emerge
2
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regulate its internal environment
b
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respond to its environment
d
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give rise to new cells
3
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are enclosed by a membrane that regulates the passage of materials between the cell
and its surroundings
b
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4
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a
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The first to evolve
ii
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Usually smaller than Eukaryotic cells
b
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Found in plants, animals, fungi, and proteins
ii
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Systems biology:
is the study of a biological system and the modeling of its dynamic behavior, ranging
from the functioning of the biosphere to the complex molecular machinery of an organelle
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Cells illustrate another theme in biology: the correlation of structure and function
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Structure is related to function at all levels of biological organization
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1
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Living organisms interact with their environments, which include
a
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Physical factors
2
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plants are the producers that provide the food,
b
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Decomposers act as recyclers, changing complex matter into simpler chemicals that
plants can absorb and use
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The dynamics of ecosystems include two major processes:
a
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the one-way flow of energy through an ecosystem, entering as sunlight and exiting
as heat

III
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1
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All cells have DNA, the chemical substance of genes
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Genes

Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc
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Are the units of inheritance that transmit information from parent to offspring
b
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control the activities of a cell
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A species’ genes are coded in the sequences of the four building blocks making up
DNA’s double helix
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All forms of life use essentially the same code to translate the information stored in
DNA into proteins
b
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4
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In recent years, scientists have determined the entire sequence of nucleotides in the
human genome
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1
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We can think of biology’s enormous scope as having two dimensions
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The “vertical” dimension is the size scale that stretches from molecules to biosphere
b
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2
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a
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8 million species
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Estimates of the actual number of species range from 10 million to over
100 million
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Taxonomy is the branch of biology that
a
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Arranges species into a hierarchy of broader and broader groups
4
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a
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b
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c
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Single cell protist
ii
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1
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Evolution can be defined as the process of change that has transformed life on Earth
from its earliest beginning to the diversity of organisms living today
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The fossil record documents
a
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the pattern of ancestry
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In 1859, Charles Darwin published the book On the Origin of Species by Means of
Natural Selection, which articulated two main points
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Species living today are descended from ancestral species in what Darwin called
“decent with modification
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Natural Selection is a mechanism for evolution
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Natural selection was inferred by connecting two observations
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Individual Variation: Individuals in a population vary in their traits, many of which
are passed on from parents to offspring
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Overproduction of offspring: A population can produce far more offspring than the
environment can support
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From these observations, Darwin drew two inferences
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Unequal reproductive sucess: Individuals with heritable traits best suited to the environment are more likely to survive and reproduce than less well-suited
individuals,
b
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6
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7
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IV
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1
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Science is a way of knowing that stems from our curiosity about ourselves and the
world around us
2
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3
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Make observations
b
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Test them
4
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a
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b
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5
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a
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b
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6
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a
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Two reasonable hypotheses are that
i
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The bulb is burned out
***how do we test that?
7
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Much broader in scope than a hypothesis
b
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Science is a social activity in which scientists
a
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Share information through peer-reviewed publication, meetings, and personal communication
c
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B
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9 SCIENTIFIC THINKING: Hypotheses can be tested using controlled field studies
1
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Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc
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The experiment compared an experimental group consisting of noncamouflaged mice
models and a control group consisting of camouflaged models that matched the mice
native in each area
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The groups differed by only one factor, the coloration of the mouse models
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As presented in Table 1
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the noncamouflaged models had a much higher percentage of attacks in the beach
and inland habitats and
b
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V
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1
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Evolution is a core theme of biology
2
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More productive crops
b
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a great variety of pets that bear little resemblance to their wild ancestors
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Humans also unintentionally cause
a
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the evolution of pesticide-resistant pests
c
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1
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Many issues facing society
a
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Often involve our expanding technology
2
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a
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The goal of technology is to apply scientific knowledge for some specific purpose

Key Terms
Archaea
artificial selection
Bacteria
biology
biosphere
cell
community
controlled experiment
domains
ecosystem

emergent properties
Eukarya
eukaryotic cells
evolution
genes
genome
hypothesis
molecule
natural selection
organ

organ system
organelle
organism
population
prokaryotic cells
systems biology
technology
theory
tissue

Word Roots
archae = ancient (Archaea: One of two prokaryotic domains of life, the other being Bacteria
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CHAPTER 1

Biology: Exploring Life

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