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MARINE BIO STUDY GUIDE Unit 1
100 pts
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20 multiple choice
10 true/false
10 fill in the blank
6 short answers

❖ Density
➢ is a mass of a given volume of a substance
■ Ice is less dense than water, therefore ice floats in water
■ When temperature is decreased, the density increases
❖ Oceanic crust: is denser than continental crust
➢ Much thinner
➢ Doesn’t retain as much heat as the mantle
➢ Floats on mantle
➢ Doesn’t float as high
➢ Consists of basalt
❖ Continental crust:
➢ Granite
➢ Lighter in color
➢ Can be as thick as blocks
➢ 3
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■ Diatoms **
■ Radiolarians **
■ Foraminiferans **
■ Coccolithophorids
Inorganic sediment
➢ 70% clay
➢ Usually comes from land and carried out to sea by currents
volcanic
sediment
➢ Either ash carried by the wind that settles and sinks or lava flows
on the seafloor
Lithogenous sediment
➢ Sediment that is derived from the breakdown, or weathering, of
rocks
■ Weathering: the physical and chemical breakdown of rocks
topography
➢ a detailed description or representation on a map of the natural
and artificial features of an area
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Thermocline
➢ A zone in the water column that shows a sudden change in
temperature with depth
■ Main thermocline: is the zone where temperature change
marks transition between warm surface water and cold
deep water
Oxygen minimum layer (in the book it said zone so)
➢ Areas of the water column and the associated benthos stable
conditions of continuously low oxygen & low temperature at
intermediate depths
Nitrogen fixation
➢ the chemical processes by which atmospheric nitrogen is
assimilated into organic compounds, especially by certain
microorganisms as part of the nitrogen cycle
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water molecule motion i
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wave structure
➢ Wind fetch
■ Time wind is with contact in water
❖ Wave height
➢ Size of an ocean wave is usually expressed as the wave height
❖ Crest
➢ Highest part of a wave
❖ Wavelength
➢ Distance between the crest and trough
❖ Trough
➢ Lowest part of a wave
❖ Beach waves
➢ spilling
waves
■ Gently sloping beaches
➢ Plunging waves
■ Moderately steep slope
➢ surging
waves
■ Vertical cliff wall
❖ Centrifugal force

Madelyn Herrera - 2019 9/15/17 4:35 AM
Comment [1]: what is this?

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➢ Rotation of the earth
➢ Pulls water
Gravitational force
➢ Pulls water
diurnal
tide
➢ A type of tide
■ 1 high and 1 low tide
Semi-diurnal tide
➢ Means there are 2 high tides and 2 low tides a day
Mixed semidiurnal tide
➢ Type of tide
■ High and 2 low of equal height
Spring tide
➢ Occurs around the times of full or new moon
Neap tide
➢ Tidal range is small
➢ Occurs when the moon is in the first and third quarters
Overturn
➢ Sinking of surface water that has become more dense than water
below
Upwelling
➢ Process by which colder water rich in nutrients rises from a lower
to a higher depth
■ It includes coastal and equatorial upwelling
Downwelling
➢ Sinking of surface water that is denser than underlying water
layers

❖ sonar
➢ A technique or equipment used to locate sea depth
❖ Ocean profile
➢ Density
➢ Oxygen
➢ Pressure
➢ Salinity should stay the same; varies at surface

❖ Photic zone
➢ The surface layer where there is enough light for photosynthesis
to occur
❖ euphotic zone
➢ layer closer to the surface that receives enough light for
photosynthesis to occur
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➢ It is barely lit
❖ Epifaunal
➢ Animals that live on the surface of the substrate
❖ Infaunal
➢ Animals that burrow in the substrate
❖ Crepuscular
➢ Animals that are active during the night
❖ Diurnal
➢ Occur when there is only one high and one low tide every day
➢ Uncommon
❖ Nocturnal
➢ done, occurring, or active at night
❖ Stenophagus
➢ (of an animal) feeding on a limited variety of foods (opposed to
euryphagous )
❖ Euryphagus
➢ eating various kinds of foods
❖ Nekton
➢ aquatic animals that are able to swim and move independently of
water currents
❖ Plankton
➢ the diverse collection of organisms that live in the water column of
large bodies of water and are unable to swim against a current
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■ the classification of something, especially organisms
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Describe the different ocean basins:
➢ Oceans are classified in 4 large basins
■ Pacific → deepest and largest ocean
■ Atlantic → a little larger than the indian ocean (similar
depth)
■ Arctic → smallest and shallowest
❖ 2
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Explain why continental crust floats on oceanic crust
➢ Continental crust is less dense than oceanic crust
❖ 4
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9 billion years)
❖ 5
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Explain what seafloor spreading is
➢ This is when the magma comes in contact with ocean and forms
rocks
➢ Also called spreading center
❖ 7
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Describe marine sediments (pelagic and lithogenous) and explain how
different particle sizes and
shapes affect the distance
at which
they travel
➢ pelagic: derived from processes occurring in the ocean
■ a
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inorganic: 70% clay, usually comes from land and
carried out to sea by currents

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■ c
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Identify and describe topographical features
➢ Mountains
➢ Rivers
➢ Lakes
➢ Valleys
➢ Manmade features: roads, dams, cities
10
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Explain viscosity and how it could affect
the organisms that live
in
the ocean
➢ thickness of the water
➢ if you decrease the temperature, you decrease the motion of the
molecules and increase the number of hydrogen bonds between
them, therefore you increase the viscosity
12
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Explain how precipitation and evaporation affect salinity

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➢ WHen water evaporates it leaves behind the salt components
essentially leaving them to dilute in the water that does not
evaporate
➢ When it precipitates the pure water falls back into the salt water
diluting it and making it less salty
14
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Describe the different dissolved gases that exist in the ocean and
their importance
➢ The gases are oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon dioxide
16
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Explain what happens to light asit penetrates the water
➢ seawater is relatively transparent
➢ depends upon how much material is suspended or dissolved in the
water
➢ turbidity measures the cloudiness a
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Describe the different types of water movements
➢ Period: the time a wave takes to go by a given point
➢ Seas: while wind is blowing it pushes wave crests up into sharp
peaks and stretches out troughs
➢ Wave cancellation: occurs when the crest of one wave meets
trough of another

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➢ Surf: a wave that becomes so high and steep as it approaches
shoreline that it breaks
19
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Explain why water does not travel with a wave
➢ Waves are created by energy passing through water, causing it to
move in a circular motion
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Identify the features of a wave
➢ CREST
➢ TROUGH
➢ Wave height
➢ Wavelength
22
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■ Sun’s gravitational pull
■ Moon’s gravitational pull
■ Rotation of the earth
23
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Explain the monthly tidal cycle
➢ Spring Tide: Day 1 → new moon
➢ Neap Tide: Day 8 → crescent moon
➢ Spring Tide: Day 15 → full moon
➢ Neap Tide: Day 22 → crescent moon
25
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Explain why water movement is important
➢ cycles nutrients
➢ increases oxygen
➢ removes waste
➢ distributes organisms
➢ distributes gametes
REMEMBER
❏ “you move because the mantle moves … you are at the mercy of the
mantle”
❏ Objects that are less dense float while objects that are more dense sink
❏ Plate Boundaries:
❏ Divergent: plates move away from each other
❏ Convergent: plates move toward each other
❏ Lateral: plates move alongside each other in opposite directions
❏ The entire ocean is 3

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