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Chapter 8: Human Population
I
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China = world’s most populous nation
1
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In 1970:
a) TFR = 5
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3
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a) Began w education and outreach that encouraged people to marry later and have fewer
children
b) Increased access to contraceptives and abortion
c) Growth rate dropped from 2
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8%
d) One-child families were given better access to schools, medical care, housing, govt jobs,
longer maternity leaves
(1) >1 child families faced monetary fines (exceeding ½ family’s income),
employment discrim
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Today, really only applies to families in urban areas
5
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China demonstrates what happens when large numbers of poor people rapidly become more affluent
1
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Overpumped aquifers
3
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Urban pollution and congestion threats
a) Traffic jam 10 days long
II
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The human population is growing rapidly
1
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a) Rapid growth began around 1850
b) 1800-2012: grew 6 B
2
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1% in 1960, and since has declined to 1
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Is population growth a problem?
1
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output, and
other factors
a) Reduced infant mortality rate
2
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3
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(2) The Population Bomb: population growth unleash famine and conflict would
consume humans by end of 20th century
4
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Some national governments now fear falling populations
1
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growth associated w poverty
b) When B rates decline, populations grow older, more people need social services, fewer
workers to pay taxes
2
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a) 2 of every 3 Eu govts
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Population is one of several factors that affect the environment
1
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Increase population = increased impact bc more people take up more space, use more resources,
generate more waste
3
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Technology allows us to exploit minerals, fossil fuels, old-growth forests, or fisheries increases
impact
5
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Sensitivity: how sensitive a given environment is to human pressures
a) Arid lands of western china (plants grow lowly = land vulnerable to deforestation and soil
degradation) more S than moist regions of southeastern china
7
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Earth has a carrying capacity for us
1
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Demography is the study of human population
1
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Population Size
a) UN Population Division estimates by 2050: global population will surpass 9 billion
3
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a) Pop density highest in regions w temperate, subtropical, and tropical climates
(1) Lowest in desert, rainforest, tundra (extreme climates)
b) Dense along seacoasts and rivers
c) Higher density = higher impact
(1) Higher sensitivity = higher impact
4
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(1) Age structure diagrams (pyramids) show the relative amounts of people in a
population at a certain age
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5
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C
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Technological advances have led to a dramatic decline in human death rates, widening the gap
between birth rates and death rates, and resulting in exponential growth
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Refugees, who flee their country because of war, civil strife, and environmental degradation,
increase immigration and emigration rates
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Total Fertility Rate influence population growth
1
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Replacement fertility = the TFR that keeps the size of a population stable
a) 2
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1 accounts for risk of child death before reproductive
age
3
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6 to 1
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Rate of natural increase = change due to birth and death rates alone, excluding migration
E
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Good sanitation, effective health care, reliable food supplies leads to longer life expectancy,
decreased death rate
2
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Demographic transition s a model of economic and cultural change in which nations that are
industrialized have low birth and death rates, because of a decrease in mortality, and a lesser need
for large families
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4
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Industrialization and falling death rates: Transitional stage
a) Declining death rates: increased food production, improved medical care
b) High birth rates bc people not yet used to new economic and social conditions
6
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Post-industrial stage
a) Birth and death rates fall to stable levels, population stabilizes/declines slightly
(1) US
F
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May be a matter of time before all nations experience it
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Transition might fail in cultures that place greater value on childbirth and grant women fewer
freedoms
3
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5
Earths worth of resources
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Family Planning is a key approach for controlling population growth
1
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Family planning gives women the ability to control their reproductive window
a) Allows women time to be educated and employed
B
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Family planning can lower pop
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Empowering women reduces fertility rates
1
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growth
a) When women are freer to decide whether and when to have children: TFR drops, children
better cared for, healthier, better educated
2
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Increasing affluence lowers fertility
1
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F
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H
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Poverty exacerbates population growth, pop
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Wealth = resource consumption
a) Consume resources from regions beyond their own
b) Consumption has increased w industrialization
c) Biocapacity = the amount of biologically productive land and sea available to us
(1) “Ecological deficit” = footprint > biocapacity
d) Richest ⅕ uses 86% of world’s resources
(1) Promoting sustainability can help nations that have yet to industrialize have less
environmental impact
HIV/AIDS is exerting major impacts on African populations
1
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Sub-saharan africa: 1 in 20 adults infected
a) Southern africa: 1 in 5 adults
b) Infant mortality in sub-saharan africa is 7/100 infants- caused life expectancy to decrease
from 60 to 40-50 in the past 30 years
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HIV/AIDS is found in nations everywhere: Caribbean, SE Asia, Eastern EU, central Asia, China
Demographic change has social and economic repercussions
1
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Children orphaned by AIDS require more safety nets
3
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c) Makes demographic transition difficult/impossible
4
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of people infected
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1994 UN conference on population and development: Cairo, Egypt
a) Steer away from top-down command-and-control policies and move towards pushing
contraception, education, and addressing social needs that affect population from the
bottom up
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In order for developing nations to develop at an equal quality standard, developed nations must
reduce consumption

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