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EAP: Grammar and Academic Style Part 1
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Week 4: Text Cohesion: Discourse markers
Cohesion vs Coherence
Very briefly, a text is cohesive if its elements are linked together, and coherent if it makes
sense
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That is, a text may be cohesive (i
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linked
together), but incoherent (i
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meaningless)
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The teacher was late for class
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The grass is always
greener on the other side of the fence
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Each sentence is notionally linked to the one that precedes it, using both lexical and
grammatical means, but the text is ultimately senseless
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While it is true that a sequence of unlinked utterances can make sense, it is often the case
that some form of linking, e
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with discourse markers such as ‘and’, ‘but’ and ‘so’ (or the
more formal variants ‘moreover’, ‘however’ and ‘consequently’) makes it easier for the reader
(or listener) to process and to make sense of what they read (or hear)
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The following text is an example of a text that
is overloaded with discourse markers
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Louie rushed and got ready for work, but, when he went out the door, he saw the
snowstorm was very heavy
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Then, he sat down to
enjoy his newspaper
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Finally, he made another decision, that he must go to work
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Put simply then: cohesion is a formal feature of texts (it gives them their texture), while
coherence is "in the eye of the beholder" - that is to say, it is the extent to which the reader
(or listener) is able to infer the writer's (or speaker's) communicative intentions
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A text may be coherent to you, but incoherent to me
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onestopenglish
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asp?docId=154867
Cohesion refers to ‘the linguistic elements that help to make a discourse semantically
coherent’
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Task 1: Working in a small group, underline/highlight the discourse markers in the
sentences below before moving on to discuss their function
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Furthermore, child mortality rates must be examined
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Prices are rising worldwide, thus encouraging investment
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Due to the high rate of inflation, interest rates were raised
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2009/10
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Finally, the role of the computer in education will be discussed
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Various writers have examined this issue, for instance, Van Exel (2000)
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Although this study concentrates mainly on students from abroad, …
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Task 2: The following text is not easy to understand
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There are two reasons for supporting pure scientific research
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(2), technological
advances that followed on from pure scientific research have led to improvement in our lives
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(3), the non-stick coating on saucepans has made washing the dishes so
much easier
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……………………… (5), we should be grateful for pure scientific research
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, (6) we have an improved
understanding of the earth’s weather systems ………………………………
(7) the consequences of
future changes such as global warming
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(8), nuclear energy
sounded wonderful when it was first developed, ……………………… (9) of its
…………………………………
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expected low cost
Safety was a concern and was taken seriously,
…………………………
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(12), nothing is perfect, including safety
systems,
and when problems
do happen,
the
consequences are extremely
……………………………
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visible
pollution, disposal of the radioactive materials that are produced is extremely difficult and expensive
and, ……………………………… (14), nuclear power is now considered too expensive in many countries
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(15), many governments have stopped planning to build more nuclear reactors
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Not
every scientific advance has the expected result
Task 3: Read through the text again, this time categorising the discourse markers
according to function
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Also, what can you say about the position of the
discourse marker in the sentence?
EAP: Grammar and Academic Style Part 1
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Task 4: How would you classify the discourse markers ‘firstly’ and ‘secondly’ in the
first paragraph? In the box below, compile a list of other discourse markers that
belong to the same category
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Discourse markers:
Task 5: (Homework task?) - Write a brief paragraph using sequence discourse
markers, describing the ‘writing an essay’ flowchart below
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French and American business managers have decidedly different management styles
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Furthermore,
meetings often end without closure
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Another difference involves documentation
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The French, in contrast, think
this is childish
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In addition, the French prefer to work alone, whereas
Americans like to work in teams
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In American companies, however, top managers share information and frequently solicit
input from subordinates
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2009/10
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What is their function? Underline/
Highlight all the discourse markers, especially those associated with the main
function of the texts
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First of all, both PCs and Macs are composed of the same
elements: a CPU, the electronic circuitry to run the computer; memory (hard and/or floppy disk
drives) for storing information; five input devices such as a keyboard or mouse for putting
information into the computer; and output devices such as a monitor, printer, and audio
speakers for conveying information
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Macs are likewise used to communicate, write,
calculate, and entertain
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Whereas you will find more PCs in business offices, you will
find more Macs in classrooms
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Finally, there is a difference in the availability of software, vendors, and
service for the two computers
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Furthermore, for a Mac, you must purchase your machine and get service
from a Macintosh-authorized dealer, whereas many different computer stores sell and service
PCs
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& Hogue, A
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Writing Academic English,Third edition
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EAP: Grammar and Academic Style Part 1
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Task 8: Cause and effect (homework task?)
Working with a-j below…
Step 1
Decide which sentence in each item is a cause and which is an effect
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Step 2
Combine the sentences in each item into a new sentence that shows a cause
and effect relationship
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Example
Effect (E)
Cause (C)
The death rate among women from lung cancer is increasing
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→ Because women are smoking more their death rate from lung cancer is increasing
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(See separate sheet for specific cause and effect language)
a
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Air pollution and the use of chemicals in food are increasing in these countries
b
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Salt water, being denser than fresh water, sinks
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Heat energy is carried by electrons
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Metals are good conductors of heat
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Some businesses have flexible working hours
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Absenteeism has declined
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Radiation escaped into the atmosphere
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f
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The nuclear reactor underwent a meltdown
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During a weather phenomenon known as El Nino, a mass of warm water flows
eastward across the Pacific Ocean towards South America
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EAP: Grammar and Academic Style Part 1
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h
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During an El Nino, the jet stream blows in a different pattern
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Heavy rains fall in some areas of the world
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j
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Drought happens in other parts of the world