Notesale: Turn your study into money

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Box One:
- Key Questions
Question: What are the goals of science?
Answer: One goal of science is to provide natural explanations for events in the natural world
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Question: What procedures are at the core of scientific methodology?
Answer: Scientific methodology involves observing and asking questions, making inferences
and forming hypotheses, conducting controlled experiments, collecting and analyzing data, and
drawing conclusions
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What is science?
Science is the study and collection of data about all events that happen in the natural world
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What kinds of understandings does science contribute about the natural world?
Science contributes many understandings about the natural world
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It also tells us what to expect if certain things happen
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Do you think scientists will ever run out of things to study? Explain your reasoning
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There are also many things and places that haven’t been observed yet
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What does scientific methodology involve?
Scientific Methodology involves observing and asking questions, making inferences and
forming hypotheses, conducting controlled experiments, collecting and analyzing data, and
drawing conclusions
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Why are hypotheses so important to controlled experiments?
Hypotheses give the basis of what to look for when conducting your experiment and also give a
general idea of what you should do to answer your question
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People back then didn’t have containers to cover their food up, so they never took that into
consideration and they also didn’t have the best hygiene 100+ years ago
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Experiments were also conducted that showed that bacteria and other microorganism need air
(oxygen) in order to survive and a way to get on to the food, thus proofing the spontaneous generation
hypothesis wrong
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Science is not a collection of unchanging beliefs and facts about the world
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Science is an organized way of gathering and analyzing evidence about the natural world
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Science only deals with the natural world and never concern supernatural phenomena of any kind
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All objects in the universe and all interaction among those objects, are governed by universal natural
laws
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Another goal of science is to use explanations to understand patterns in nature and to make useful
predictions about natural events
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Science rarely proves anything in absolute terms
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Scientific Methodology involves observing and asking questions, making inferences and forming
hypotheses, conducting controlled experiments, collecting and analyzing data, and drawing
conclusions
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Salt marshes are coastal environments often found where rivers meet the sea
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Testing a scientific hypothesis often involves designing an experiment that keeps track of various
factors that can change, or variables
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Whenever possible, a hypothesis should be tested by an experiment in which only variable is changed
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Scientists make detailed records of experimental observations, gathering information called data
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It is not always possible to test a hypothesis with an experiment
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Researchers must be careful to avoid errors in data collection and analysis
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Science Organized way of gathering and analyzing evidence about the natural world
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Bird
watching is an example of observation
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Inference a logical interpretation based on prior knowledge and experience
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If I eat more vegetables, then I will lose weight faster is an example of a hypothesis
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Controlled Experiment Experiment in which only one variable is changed
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Independent Variable Factor in a controlled experiment that is deliberately changed; also called
manipulated variable
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The rate at which the water boils is an example of a
dependent variable
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Control Group Group in an experiment that is exposed to the same conditions as the experimental
group except for one independent variable
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Data Evidence; information gathered from observations
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Box Four:

- The chart to the left shows data
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- These two scientists are testing their hypothesis by conducting an
experiment
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Box Five:
What is science
- Forming hypotheses
- Collecting data
- Conducting experiments
- Asking questions
- Making observations

What isn’t science
- Opinions
- Supernatural phenomena
- Personal Beliefs
- Uneducated guesses
- Facts with no evidence

Box Six:
My phenomena is everyday life
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One example would be when you want to make breakfast in your house but you don’t
know what to make
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Another example is if you want to put down new carpet in
your house
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Tasks like these happen everyday and we rarely notice that we are using
science
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Question: Why is peer review important?
Answer: Publishing peer-reviewed articles in scientific journals allows researchers to share
ideas and to test and evaluate each other’s work
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Question: What is the relationship between science and society?
Answer: Using science involves understanding its context in society and its limitations
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List the attitudes that lead scientists to explore and discover
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2
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This is important to a scientist because
sometimes in science the smallest mistake can cause a lot of trouble, and if you are always going back
to what you are working on and saying to yourself, “Is this good enough?” or, “Does this make sense”
then you can find flaws and problems that you didn’t notice before
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What is peer review?
Peer review, according to the chapter, is where scientific papers are reviewed by anonymous,
independent experts
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An advertisement claims that studies of a new sports drink show it boosts energy
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What would you tell consumers who are considering
buying this product?
I would tell people who want to purchase this product to buy at your own risk because only one
professional has looked over this study/experiment
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What is a scientific theory?
In science, the word theory applies to a well-tested explanation that unifies a broad range of
observations and hypotheses and that enables scientists to make accurate predictions about new
situations
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How does use of the word theory differ in science and in daily life?
In science the word theory means a well-tested explanation that unifies a broad range of observations
and hypotheses and that enables scientists to make accurate predictions about new situations, but in
daily life I think people use it as a guess about anything with no evidence
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How is the use of science related to its context in society?
Science develops technology, addresses social issues, informs policies, solves everyday problems,
satisfies curiosity, and builds knowledge
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Describe some of the limitations of science
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For example, science can explain what
happens in life, how life works, and other scientific information, but it cannot answer something like
"what is the meaning of life?"
9
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The researcher who conducted the
study works for the pesticide company
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He would probably want his company to make money by people purchasing the pesticide
thinking it's safe
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Explain in your own words why science is considered a way of knowing
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If we didn’t know things because of science, then it would
make our lives much harder
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Good scientists share scientific attitudes, or habits of mind, that lead them to exploration and
discovery
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Curiosity, skepticism, open-mindedness, and creativity help scientists generate new ideas
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Good scientists are skeptics, which means that they question existing ideas and hypotheses, and they
refuse to accept explanations without evidence
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Scientists who disagree with hypotheses design their own experiments to test them
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Salt marshes play vital roles in the lives of many ecologically and commercially important
organisms
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In the field of genetics and biotechnology, it is now possible to mass produce complex substances
such as, vitamins, antibiotics, and hormones that were before only available naturally
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Communication and sharing ideas (peer review) is vital to modern science
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Scientists share their findings with the scientific community bu publishing articles that have
undergone peer review
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Scientific articles are like high-powered versions of high school lab reports
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Science can only explains what happens
in the natural world
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Once research has been published, it enters the dynamic marketplace of scientific ideas
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Scientists review and evaluate one another’s work to ensure accuracy
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Scientists may focus intensely on a single study
for months or even years
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Logical and important questions lead to new hypotheses that must be independently confirmed by
controlled experiments
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In tropical areas, mangrove swamps serve as the ecological equivalents of temperate salt marshes
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Understanding biology will help humans predict the consequences of their actions and take an
active role in directing the future of our planet
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Science both influences society and is influenced by society
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Understanding science will help you make complex decisions that also involve cultural customs,
values, and ethical standards
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Theory: A well-tested explanation that unifies a broad range of observations and hypotheses and
that enables scientists to make accurate predictions about new situations
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Bias: A particular preference or point of view that is personal, rather than scientific
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- This is an image that represents peer review
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- This image represents being bias
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Being bias should always be avoided when testing
a theory/hypothesis
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Everywhere you go you will meet somebody who
has personal preferences and views that they would pick over all other choices
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For example, maybe you and
your peers/co-workers work the same amount of hours, but you stayed and helped the manager an extra
2 hours while everyone else went home, because the manager seemed to be over worked
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Another example would include if you run
your own company and you need to fire some employees because of budget cuts
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People who are biased are everywhere, especially in work places, and they can either be
positive or negative
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Question: What are the central themes of biology?
Answer: The study of biology revolves around various big ideas
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Question: How do different fields of biology offer in their approach to studying life?
Answer: Biology includes many different intertwining fields of practice that use different tools to study
life from the different elements to every living thing
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Question: How is the metric system important in science?
Answer: Most scientists use the metric system when collecting data and performing experiments
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- Assessment
1
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All living things are made up of basic units called cells, are based from a universal genetic code, obtain
and use materials and energy, grow and develop, reproduce, respond to their physical environment,
maintain a stable internal environment, and change over time
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Suppose you feel hungry, so you reach for a plum you see in a fruit bowl
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The external stimulus in action here is your sense of sight; the internal stimulus in action here is
hunger
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What are the themes in biology that come up again and again?
The cellular basis of life, matter and energy, information and heredity, development, growth and
reproduction, homeostasis, evolution, structure and function, unity and diversity of life, independence
in nature, and science as a way of knowing are all the large reoccurring themes in biology
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Suppose you discover a new organism
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What field of biology does this
research fall into?
This world wide catastrophe falls into Global ecology because if frogs from all over the world start to
disappear, then the prey of the frogs will start to overpopulate, harming other organisms and eventually
destroying/harming whole other ecosystems other than the one the prey came from
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This makes peer reviewing easier, quicker, and
more understandable for fellow scientists
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Suppose two scientists are trying to perform an experiment that involves dangerous chemicals
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This incorrect execution of the experiment could possibly put the
scientist in harm’s way or hurt someone else who in involved in the experiment
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In an experiment , you need 250 grams of potting soil for each of 10 plant samples
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5 kilograms of potting soil for the different plant samples
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Biology is the study of life
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The combination of chemical
reactions through which an organism builds up or breaks down materials is called metabolism
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All living things reproduce
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In asexual reproduction, a single organism produces offspring identical to itself
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These include
biotechnology, global ecology, and molecular biology
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Most scientists use the metric system as a way to share quantitative data
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To remain safe when you are doing investigations, the most important rule is to
follow your teacher’s instructions
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Living things are based on a universal genetic code written in a molecule called DNA
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Living things must be
based on a universal genetic code and must have cells as the basic unit of life
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All living organisms expend energy to keep conditions inside their cells within
certain limits
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Cells can grow, respond to their surroundings, and reproduce
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Yet, all living things are fundamentally similar at the molecular level
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Evolutionary theory explains both this unity of life and its diversity
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All forms of life on Earth are connected into a biosphere, or “living planet
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Relationships between
organisms and their environments depend on the cycling of matter and the flow of energy
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Biology plays a major role in the research, development, and production of food, medicine, and
other consumer items
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Bisphenol-A is a chemical found in hard plastics
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That way, the people who gather and
analyze data can remain objective-they have nothing to gain by exaggerating the positive effects of
products and nothing to lose from stating any risks
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More that 100 studies have been done on BPA, some funded by the government, some funded by
the plastics industry
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A company would naturally benefit if its product is declared to
be safe
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Evolutionary change links all
forms of life to a common origin more that 3
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Evidence of this shared history is
found in all aspects of living and fossil organism, from physical features to structures of proteins to
sequences of information in DNA
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Each major group of organisms has evolved its own particular body part “tool kit”-a collection of
structures that have evolved in ways that make particular functions possible
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8 million different kinds of living organisms
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We are also learning that activities of living organisms, including
humans, profoundly affect both the atmosphere and the climate
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All living things are fundamentally similar at the molecular level, and also science is not a list of
facts but “a way of knowing
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All living organisms detect and respond to stimuli
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Amount of light, temperature, and running are all examples of stimuli
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Biologists always rely on a common system of measurement and safety when conducting
investigations
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During growth and development, generalized cells typically become more different and specialized
for particular functions
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Box Three:
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DNA: a genetic code written in a molecule that stores the complex information all organisms need to
live, grow and reproduce
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sexual reproduction: type of reproduction in which cells from two parents unite to form the first
cell of a new organism
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homeostasis: relatively constant internal physical and chemical conditions that organisms maintain
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biosphere: part of Earth in which life exists including land, water, and air or atmosphere
Box Four:

This picture is showing the difference between asexual (one parent)
reproduction and sexual (two parents) reproduction
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The boy touched
the stove, therefor was burned and said ouch
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All living organisms have the genetic
code we call DNA
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During mitosis asexual (one parent) reproduction occurs
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In the first phase of
mitosis, prophase, the chromatins in a cell’s nucleus condense and become visible under a microscope
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In the
third phase of mitosis, anaphase, chromatids are separated and pulled to opposite sides of the cell
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The second part to my phenomenon is meiosis
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Meiosis has two stages, meiosis 1 one and meiosis two
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Meiosis involves
two different parents, so because the offspring is getting DNA from both parents, each one will look
different unless they are identical twins
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Even though the process for meiosis and mitosis are very similar, they both are special in their own
way and produce two very different results
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Atoms are the basic unit of matter
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All isotopes of an element have the same chemical properties
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Question: What are the two main types of chemical bonds?
Answer: The two main types of chemical bonds include ionic bonds and covalent bonds
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Describe the structure of an atom
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A
certain amount of protons and neutrons exist in the nucleus that are extremely densely compacted
together
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All these orbits and motion occur in three dimensions
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An atom of calcium contains 20 protons
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An isotope only differs in the number of neutrons it has
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Carbon-12 has an atomic mass of 12 (6 protons and 6 neutrons: the mass of the electrons is negligible)
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Carbon-14, as the name suggests, has an atomic mass of 14
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However, the extra neutrons cause the nucleus to become unstable, and therefore open up to
radioactivity
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Explain
why they have different chemical and physical properties
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Hydrogen
peroxide, depending on the concentration, can explode and cause severe burns or explosions
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It is not dangerous in
pure concentrations if swallowed or had contact with skin
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What are two types of bonds that hold the atoms within a compound together?
Ionic bonds and covalent bonds hold the atom within a compound together
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A potassium atom easily loses its one valence electron
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In addition, the survival
of living things depends on chemical reactions that take place within and outside their bodies
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Box Two:
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Electrons constantly move around the space surrounding the atom’s nucleus
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Atoms of the same element that differ in the number of neutrons are called isotopes
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Because they
have the same number of electrons in each atom, all isotopes of an element have the same chemical
properties
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A chemical compound is a substance formed by the chemical combination of two or more elements
in definite proportions
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Scientists use formulas to show the ratio of
elements that make up a compound
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An ionic bond forms when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another, forming
ions
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An atom that gains electrons becomes
negatively charged
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A covalent bond forms when electrons are shared rather than transferred
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The molecule is the smallest unit of most
compounds
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Protons have a positive charge and neutrons carry no charge
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One atom of
calcium (atomic number 20) bonds to two atoms of chlorine (atomic number 17)
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Electrons are in constant motion in the space surrounding the nucleus
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More than 100
elements are known, but only about two dozen are commonly found in living organisms
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More electrons are a negative charge, while less electrons is a positive charge
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Carbon- 12 is the most common form of carbon, it has 6 protons, 6 electrons, and 6 neutrons
12
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High levels of radiation can cause cancerous tissues and destroy cells; careful use of radiation in
turn can sterilize products and kill cancer cells
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Hydrogen can give up an electron to become a hydrogen ion (H+) or share an electron with another
atom to complete its outer shell of two electrons
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The total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom is called its mass number
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It reacts explosively with
cold water
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These are both examples of chemical compounds
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An atom that gains electrons has a negative
charge
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When atoms share two electrons, the bond is called a single covalent bond
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In a few cases, atoms can share six electrons, forming a
triple bond
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The structure that results when atoms are joined together by covalent bonds is called a molecule,
the smallest unit of most compounds
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The compound sodium chloride, table salt, is a white solid that dissolves easily in water, is not
poisonous, and is essential for the survival of most living things
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- This image is showing a covalent bond between the
elements
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Box Five:

Isotopes of Carbon
Isotope

Number of Protons

Number of Electrons

Number of Neutrons

Carbon-12
(nonradioactive)

6

6

6

Carbon-13
(nonradioactive)

6

6

7

Carbon-14 (radioactive)

6

6

8

The Difference Between Ionic and Covalent Bonds

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This shows that
no matter the atomic mass or the isotope of a certain kind of element, the amount of protons and
electrons are always the same, and it shows that the number of neutrons will go up (increase) as the
atomic mass number rises
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Ionic bonds form when electrons
transfer from one atom to another and covalent bonds form when atoms share electrons
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It shows important key details about telling
the two bonds apart such as ionic deals with non metals and metals, but covalent only deals with non
metals
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If you plan on
becoming a chemist or biologist, then you will need to know the difference between the two
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All matter is composed of a small handful of basic
building blocks called atoms
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) There are many different types of elements, 92 of which occur naturally
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For
example, common table salt is a simple molecule composed of one atom of sodium and one atom of
chlorine both bonded to each other by electrical forces
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A molecule without carbon is inorganic
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