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Psychology - motivation
Self determination theory (6 sub themes)
Sub theories:
1) cognitive evaluation theory,
2) basic needs theory

Basic needs theory
• Competence
Seek to control outcomes and experience mastery
• Autonomy
Self-initiating in regulating one’s outcomes
• Relatedness
Desire to feel connected with others

- If these needs are being satisfied, your growth is being facilitated

Self determination (meta) theory
Events: rewards & incentives, coaching behaviours and processes, goal progress
Needs: autonomy, competence, relatedness



events

Needs

Rewards

autonomy

Coaching
processes

competence

Goal
progress

Intrinsic
motivation

relatedness

(more
internalised
motives)


Events influence intrinsic motivation, through the use of needs
...








Psychology - motivation
Intrinsic motivation
- Requires satisfaction of both autonomy and competence, however, relatedness
satisfaction is not always important

PE context
- Competence satisfaction is the greatest predictor of internalised motives

Sport context
- Autonomy has the strongest positive effects

Relative impact on basic needs on well-being
• Dependant on the functional significance of the situation
PE setting: those who feel physically competent athletes more likely to find it interesting
Sport: autonomy is important because participants is optional and thus athletes need to feel
volitional in various aspects of their sport engagement

1) Competence and autonomy a predictor of burnout
...


• Physical and psychological symptoms:
- Predicted physical symptoms & vitality and intrinsic satisfaction with sport
1) Competence strongest predictor of all symptoms
2) Autonomy predicted vitality and intrinsic satisfaction

• Injury
- Post-injury outcomes
- Return to sport: key aspect related to competence, autonomy and relatedness

• Self-esteem (swimmers)
- Competence (in context of relationship with coaches) satisfaction predicted changes
in esteem
- Competence and relatedness positive effects

Basic needs research summary
• Satisfaction of needs predict IM, well-being and positive outcomes
- Work, education, exercise and sports rehabilitation

• Persistence
• Flow experience (also known as the ‘zone’, is the mental state of operation in which
a person performing an activity is fully immersed in a feeling of energised focus)
• Coach need satisfaction predicts promotion of athlete well being






Psychology - motivation
Developing internalisation
- Facilitate autonomy, competence and relatedness
- Manipulating effecting ‘events’:
1) Rewards
- Carefully managed
- Performance dependant (bad and good performances)
2) Coaching processes
- Feedback
- Communication
- Acknowledge athlete feeling and concerns
3) Nature of goals and goal setting processes
- Participativley set, self-referenced, challenging

Autonomy-supportive behaviours (coaching context)
(7 points to promote satisfaction of basic needs)
1) Provide choice of tasks/methods
2) Rationale for tasks and limit/rules
3) Acknowledge feelings
4) Initiative taking and independence
5) Competence feedback
6) Avoid controlling behaviours
7) Prevent ego involvement

Potential research directions:
• Effects of coach and athlete need satisfaction on motivation variables
– Confidence, Effort and persistence, goals
• Are certain types of goals effective because they promote need satisfaction?
– Needs give goals their psychological potency
• What is the predictive role of needs in Physical Education settings?
– Consequences of need satisfaction versus need thwarting
• Can basic need satisfaction explain the link between:
– Treatment efficacy and adherence in injured athletes
– Motivational climate and positive outcomes?
• Does a balanced Basic Need satisfaction across life domains (academics, sport,
family/social life) predict well-being?
• Coaching style and need satisfaction
– Leadership styles (LSS) and need satisfaction




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