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LIFE SCIENCES JUNE EXAM STUDY BOOKLET:
COVERS:
 MICRO ORGANISMS
 VIRUSES,BACTERIA,PROTISTA,FUNGI
28 marks in exam
 DISEASES OF VIRUSES,BACTERIA,PROTISTA
 IMMUNITY: ACTIVE & PASSIVE, LYMPHOCYTES, ANTIGENS,ANTIBODIES, VACCINES
 SYMBIOTIC RELATIONSHIPS INCLUDING NITROGEN CYCLE & E
...

 ANIMAL NUTRITION
28 marks in exam
 DEFINITIONS
 CLASSIFICATION OF LIFESTYLES
 DIGESTIVE SYSTEM- TYPES, ADAPTIONS, LYMPHATIC SYSTEM, HOMEOSTASIS
 DIET
 ALCOHOL AND DRUG ABUSE
 RESPIRATION
 DEFINITIONS
 STAGES OF RESPIRATION
 AEROBIC & ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION
19 marks in exam

IMPORTANT DIAGRAMS

MICRO-ORGANISMS
VIRUSES:

VIRUSES
THEY ARE CONSIDERED BOTH LIVING AND -BUT MAINLY- NON-LIVING BECAUSE
LIVING
NON-LIVING
 CAN REPRODUCE WHEN WITHIN CELLS OF LIVING
 CAN FORM CRYSTALS AND SURVIVE IN THIS FORM FOR
ORGANISM

MANY YEARS




THEY DO NOT RESPIRE
CAN’T REPRODUCE OUTSIDES HOST’S BODY

STRUCTURE
 VERY SMALL
 MOST HAVE SYMMETRICAL SHAPE(SPHERICAL, ROD-LIKE, SPIRAL, TAILS)
 CORE OF DNA OR RNA(NEVER BOTH) SURROUNDED BY PROTEIN COAT
 NON OR A-CELLULAR ( NO NUCLEUS, RIBOSOMES OR MITOCHONDRIA)
CHARACTERISTICS
 PARASITES (HOST HARMED AND PARASITE BENEFITS)
 ABSOLUTELY SPECIFIC I
...
G AIDS, RABIES, COLD
REPRODUCE BY CHANGING HOSTS NUCLEIC ACIDS INTO VIRAL NUCLEIC ACIDS

BACTERIA
 SMALLEST KNOWN LIVING ORGANISM
 FOUND IN AIR, SOIL AND WATER
 OPTIMAL TEMP 30°TO 37°
 CAN SURVIVE -18° TO 70°
 SOME AEROBIC (NEEDS OXYGEN) SOME ARE ANAEROBIC(NO OXYGEN)
STRUCTURE
 UNICELLULAR AND PROKARYOTE (NO TRUE NUCLEUS)
4 SHAPES
COCCUS(ROUND)
BACILLUS(ROD)
SPRILLIUM(SPIRAL)

CHARACTERISTICS
 SOME ARE AUTOTROPHIC(PRODUCER) AND ARE
-PHOTOSYNTHETIC OR
-CHEMOSYNTHETIC
 SOME ARE HETEROTROPHIC(CONSUMER)
-PARASITIC
-PATHOGENIC OR NON-PATHOGENIC

VIBRIO(COMMA)

REPRODUCTION
 ASEXUAL BY BUDDING AND BINARY FISSION (SPLITTING
IN HALF)
 EXCHANGE GENES BY CONJUGATION ( JOIN TOGETHER)

PROTISTA
STRUCTURE
 SOME MULTICELLULAR AND MACROSCOPIC (SEAWEED)
 MOST ARE UNICELLULAR AND MICROSCOPIC
 PROTOZOANS- ANIMAL LIKE AND MOVE USING FINGER LIKE PROJECTIONS (PSEUDOPODIA) E
...
SPIROGYRA APPEAR IN LONG THIN FILAMENTS
...
G FEVER, SORE THROAT
2ND PHASE- OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS E
...

FOR THOSE HIV POSITIVE:
 THE DISEASE MUST BE CONTROLLED BY TAKING CORRECT MEDICATION, LIFESTYLE
AND INFECTION PREVENTION
...


BACTERICAL DISEASE – TUBERCULOSIS



CAUSED BY MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS- ATTACKS LUNGS, KIDNEY,BRAIN,SPINAL CORD
EFFECTS:
o WEAKNESS & FATIGUE
o LOSS OF APPETITE
o CHILLS
o COUGHING AND/OR WITH BLOOD



MANAGEMENT
-VACCINATION
-PROPER MEDICATION



DRUG RESISTANT TB HAS RECENTLY EMERGED



TREATED WITH 4 STANDARD/FIRST LINE ANTI-TB DRUGS
...


 XDR-TB IS RESISTANT TO FIRST AND SECOND-LINE DRUGS
TREATMENT CONSISTS OF A COURSE OF ANTIBIOTICS USUALLY USING DOTS(DIRECTLY OBSERVED TREATMENT SHORT-COURSE)
...


PROTIST DISEASE –MALARIA




CAUSED BY PLASMODIUM
TRANSMITTED BY FEMALE ANOPHELES MOSQUITO (VECTOR CARRIER)
EFFECTS
 MANAGEMENT
-HEADACHES
-GETTING RID OF
-FEVER
MOSQUITOES
-MUSCULAR PAINS
-DRAINING SWAMPS
-DIARRHOEA
-SPRAYING PONDS
-SPRAYING INSIDE HOUSE
...
COLI IN HUMAN INTESTINES
-MUTUALISM: BACTERIA OBTAIN FOOD AND HUMAN BENEFITS IN TWO WAYS:
 BACTERIA HELP DECAY INDIGESTIBLE FOOD INTO FAECES
 BACTERIA SYNTHESISE VITAMINS B,E,K

SIMPLIFIED NITROGEN CYCLE
FREE NITROGEN IN THE ATMOSPHERE
CONVERTED TO NITRATES BY NITROGEN FIXING BACTERIA IN ROOT
MODULES OF PLANTS

NITRATES USED TO MANUFACTURE PLANT PROTEINS BY PLANTS

PLANTS EATEN BY ANIMALS
ANIMALS USE THE PLANT PROTEIN TO MANUFACTURE ANIMAL
PROTEINS

IMMUNITY
PASSIVE IMMUNITY:
MECHANISMS TO PREVENT PATHOGENS FROM ENTERING:


IN OUR BODIES:
-MUCUS IN NOSE&THROAT
-CILIA LINING NASAL PASSAGES&TRACHEA
-TEARS&CONJUNCTIVA OF THE EYE
-HYDROCHOLRIC ACID IN STOMACH
-UNBROKEN SKIN



IN PLANTS:
-THICK BARK OF WOODY PLANTS
-WAXY CUTICLE
-STICKY SECRETIONS
-CHEMICAL POISONS&SECRETIONS

ACTIVE IMMUNITY:
RESPONSE MECHANISMS TO FIGHT OFF INFECTION ONCE PATHOGENS HAVE ENTERED
...

-BODY PRODUCES ANTIBODIES TO FIGHT THE DISEASE
-HE/SHE GETS BETTER
-ANTIBODIES REMAIN, AND FIGHT FURTHER INFECTION OF SAME DISEASE,
ARTIFICIALLY ACQUIRED IMMUNITY IN OUR BODIES:
-THROUGH VACCINATIONS
-PERSON IS INJECTED WITH WEAKENED FORM OF PATHOGEN
-BODY PRODUCES ANTIBODIES TO FIGHT OFF
...


PROCESS INVOLVES GROUPS OF WHITE BLOOD CELLS INCLUDING:
1
...
LYMPHOCYTES:
B LYMPHOCYTES- INVOLVED IF PATHOGENS ARE PRESENT IN LARGE NO
...

AND
T LYMPHOCYTES
WHEN BARRIER IS DAMAGED, NEXT LINE OF DEFENCE IS :
INFLAMMATION:




INCREASED BLOOD FLOW TO INFECTED AREA
INCREASES BLOOD PLASMA
INCREASED NO
...

INCREASED TEMP
...


ENGULF FOREIGN MATERIAL
PRODUCE DIGESTIVE ENZYMES IN
LYSOSOMES THAT BREAK DOWN FOREIGN
MATERIAL

TYPES OF LYMPHOCYTES
B LYMPHOCYTES-PRIMARY RESPONSE:
MADE AND MATURE FROM STEM CELLS IN RED BONE
MARROW
...


T LYMPHOCYTES-SECONDARY RESPONSE:
MATURE IN THYMUS GLAND(BETWEEN LUNGS)




CD4 CELLS(START IMMUNE RESPONSE)
KILLER T CELLS( DESTROY INFECTED CELLS)
SUPPRESSOR CELLS(HALT THE IMMUNE
SYSTEM ONCE INFECTIONS OVER)

ANTIGENS AND ANTIBODIES



ALL BACTERIA AND VIRUSES HAVE CHEMICALS ON THEM CALLED ANTIGENS
THE LYMPHOCYTES SEE THESE AS ‘FOREIGN’ AND PRODUCE ANTIBODIES TO DESTROY THEM
...
G POLIO VACCINE

OTHER TYPES OF TREATMENT






BACTERIAL INFECTIONS CAN BE TREATED WITH ANTIBIOTICS
MEDICINES TO STOP GROWTH OF BACTERIA
ANTIBODIES:
-CONSTANTLY NEED NEW ANTIBIOTICS AS BACTERIA BECAME RESISTANT TO EXISTING ONEX
...
EVERYTHING ELSE
SPOROPHYTE

NO VASUCLAR TISSUE
RHIZOID, THALLUS(No true tissue)
REPRODUCE WITH SPORES(DEPEND ON H20)
LIFESTYLE DEPENDS ON WATER

PTERIDOPHYTES (FERNS)





RHIZOME, HORIZONTAL STEM/ROOT FROM WHICH FRONDS GROW
...
G
...
FRIEDRICH WELWITCH IN 1859
...


PLANT EVOLUTION


PLANTS EVOLVED FROM WATER, THOSE ON LAND HAVE DIFFERENT ADAPTIONS TO LIFE:
-VASCULAR TISSUE
-TRUE LEAVES
-SEEDS (ZYGOTES DEVELOP IN PROTECTED PLACE)
- FRUIT SURROUNDING SEED HELPS DISPERSAL
- POLLEN – REDUCED MALE GAMETOPHYTE RATHER THAN HAVING SPERM THAT HAS TO SWIM
...
OF CHROMOSOMES IN BODY CALLED DIPLOID(2N)
-IN GAMETES(SPERM+EGG) IT IS HAPLOID(N)
E
...
THERES 46 CHROMOSOMES(2N) AND GAMETES HAVE 23 CHROMOSOMES(N)
-THIS MAINTAINS THE NO
...

2
...

4
...

6
...

BASIC BODY PLANS 1


PRESENCE OR ABSENCE OF TRUE TISSUES
TRUE TISSUE – SAME KIND OF CELLS GROUP TOGETHER TO PERFORMS SPECIAL FUNCTIONS
THEY WORK IN HARMONY ( CO ORDINATED )

BASIC BODY PLANS 2


SYMMETRY:
- RADIAL SYMMETRY: ABOUT A CENTRAL AXIS, THEY HAVE TOP AND BOTTOM E
...

IF THERES A COELOM THERE WILL BE A THROUGH GUT
...

SOFT BODY COELOMATES (EARTHWORMS) HAVE COELOM FULL OF FLUID AND FUNCTIONS AS HYDROSTATIC SKELETON
...
G BILHARZIA AND TAPE WORM)





BILLATERALLY SYMMETRICAL
3 TISSUE LAYERS(DIPLOBLASTIC)
NO COELOM
SINGLE OPENING TO THE GUT

PHYLUM ANNELIDA(EARTHWORM, LEACHES)





BILATERALLY SYMMETRICAL

3 TISSUE LAYERS(TRIPLOBLASTIC)
A COELOM
THROUGH GUT

PHYLUM ARTHROPODA (INSECTS, CRUSTACEANS, MYRIAPODS)






BILATERALLY SYMMETRICAL
3 TISSUE LAYERS
COELOM
THROUGH GUT

EXOSKELETON MADE OF CHITIN

PHYLUM CHORDATA (FARB MH)






BILATERALLY SYMMETRICAL
3 TISSUE LAYERS
COELOM
THROUGH GUT
INTERNAL SKELETON MADE OF CARTILAGE AND BONE

PEOPLE CAN PLAY ALOT AT CRÈCHE
SYMMETRY
PORIFERA
CNIDARIA
PLATYHELMINTHES
ANNELIDA
ARTHROPODA
CHORDATA

ASYMMETRICAL
RADIALLY
SYMMETRICAL

BILATERAL
BILATERAL
BILATERAL
BILATERAL

TISSUE
LAYERS
NONE

COELOM

GUT

NO

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2

NO

SINGLE

3
3
3
3

NO
YES
YES
YES

SINGLE
THROUGH
THROUGH
THROUGH

SUMMARY OF SCHISTOSOMA
 PARASITIC WORM FOUND IN SA
 CHRONIC DISEASE






INITIAL INFECTION:
o ABDOMINAL PAIN
o COUGH DIARRHOEA
o HIGH WHITE BLOOD CELL
o ENLARGEMENT OF BOTH THE LIVER AND THE SPLEEN
CONTINUED INFECTION:
o CNS LESIONS
o COLONIC PULPS
o BLADDER CANCER
o HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE
ELIMINATING THE DISEASE:
o AVOID THE SNAILS
 CHEMICALS CAN BE USED TO REDUCE THEIR NUMBERS – COPPER SULPHATE
o ECOLOGICAL INTERVENTIONS TO REDUCE NUMBERS
 USE SNAIL PREDATORS

SKELETON
----------------EXO
ENDO

ARTHROPODS AS ECTOPARASITES AND VECTORS OF PATHOGENS:


ECTOPARASITE: EXTERNAL PARASITIC ORGANISM
o E
...

THIS REACTION REQUIRES ENERGY AND IS CALLED:

PHOTOSYNTHESIS
‘LIGHT’

‘COMPOSITION’

PHOTOSYNTHESIS = COMPOSITION USING LIGHT
IT REQUIRES:






CO2 ( BY PRODUCT OF RESPIRATION )
H2O ( SOIL )
RADIANT ENERGY ( SUNLIGHT )
CHLOROPHYLL ( GREEN PIGMENT IN ALL AUTOTROPHIC PLANTS )
ALL CONTROLLED BY ENZYMES ( ANABOLIC )
PRODUCES:



OXYGEN
C6H12O6 (GLUCOSE)
THE EQUATION

Light
Chlorophyll
Light
Chlorophyll

GRANA LAMELLAE ( OR THYLAKOIDS STACKED
TO FORM THE GRANA

GRANA ARE CONNECTED TO OTHER
GRANA BY SINGLE THYLAKOIDS

TRANSVERSE SECTION OF THE LEAF

PHASES OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS IN ESSAY FORM:
(MAKES IT EASY TO UNDERSTAND)
PHOTOSYNTHESIS CONSISTS OF TWO PHASES
...
THE
LIGHT PHASE OCCURS IN THE THYLAKOIDS OF THE CHLOROPLASTS AND THE DARK PHASE IN STROMA OF THE CHLOROPLAST
...
THIS ENERGY IS USED
FOR 2 THINGS
...
THIS WHOLE PROCESS IS CALLED PHOTOLYSIS ,NADP ( A HYDROGEN CARRIER) THEN CARRIES
THE HYDROGEN OVER TO THE DARK PHASE IN THE FORM OF NADPH
...
ADP
HAS A PHOSPHATE ADDED AND BECOMES ATP (ENERGY CARRIER)
...
IN THE DARK PHASE
CO2 IS THEN COMBINED WITH THE HYDROGEN FROM PHOTOLYSIS AND THE ENERGY FROM PHOTOPHOSPHORYLATION AND FORMS
GLUCOSE, WHICH IS STORED IN THE PLANT AS STARCH
...
PHOTOSYNTHESIS RATE
CO2 – MORE CO2 = INCREASE IN PHOTOSYNTHESIS
...
SOMETIMES ITS HIGHER CLOSER TO GROUND IN A DENSE FOREST THAN AN OPEN FIELD
BECAUSE THE BACTERIA IN THE SOIL ALSO PRODUCES CO2
...
+ IN TEMP = + IN PHOTOSYNTHESIS
- TEMP INCREASE BY 10⁰C DOUBLES THE RATE
- FLOURISH IN GREENHOUSE BECAUSE THERE’S A MAINTAINED WARMTH
...
ABOVE 40⁰C SLOWS DOWN PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND EVENTUALLY …………………… …………

...


EXPERIMENTS






TESTING FOR STARCH
IS CHLOROPHYLL NEEDED TO PRODUCE STARCH,
IS LIGHT REQUIRED FOR PHOTOSYNTHESIS,
IS CO2 NECESSARY FOR PHOTOSYNTHESIS,
INFLUENCE OF LIGHT ON PHOTOSYNTHESIS

REFER TO PG 147-150 IN TEXTBOOK

LAW OF LIMITING FACTORS
THE RATE OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS WILL BE DETERMINED BY WHICH EVER FACTOR IS CLOSEST TO ITS MINIMUM RATE
...
G

A SMALL PLANT IN A FOREST, CARBON DIOXIDE IS HIGH BUT LIGHT IS A LIMITING FACTOR
...

 TO DO THIS FOR A MINIMUM OF 24 HOURS:
o PUT THE PLANT IN A DARK CUPBOARD OR PUT PLANT IN A BOX OR COVER LEAVES IN FOIL
...
G BACTERIA, FUNGI)
PARASITIC – PARASITES (INTERNAL OR EXTERNAL)
HOLOZOIC – EVERYTHING ELSE

TEETH

HUMAN DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
DEFINITIONS*:




PERISTALSIS – RHYTHMIC CONTRACTIONS OF THE ALIMENTARY CANAL THAT PUSHES FOOD FROM MOUTH TO ANUS
DE-AMINATION – BREAKDOWN OF AMINO ACIDS IN LIVER BY REMOVAL OF AMINO GROUP
DIGESTION – MECHANICAL AND CHEMICAL BREAKDOWN OF FOOD TO SOLUBLE PRODUCTS

DIGESTION







CATABOLIC PROCESS – BREAKING DOWN
2 TYPES
o MECHANICAL – CHEWING/MASTICATION OR GRINDING TO BREAK FOOD INTO SMALLER PIECES
...
(OCCURS EVERYWHERE)
CHEWING WITH SALIVA CREATES A *BOLUS
LIQUID IN STOMACH IS CALLED CHIME
HORMONE CALLED *GASTRIN STIMULATES THE GASTRIC GLANDS TO PRODUCE DIGESTIVE JUICES & HCL

WHAT PROTECTS STOMACH?




THICK LAYER OF MUCUS
ENZYMES SECRETED IN INACTIVE FORM
HCL ACTIVATES ENZYMES
STRUCTURE OF VILLUS

ADAPTIONS FOR ABSORPTION








THIN SURFACE
LARGE SURFACE AREA
o FOLDS IN INTESTINES
o FOLDS HAVE VILLI
o VILLUS HAVE MICRO VILLI
HIGH BLOOD SUPPLY
MUCOUS FROM GOBLET CELL MAKES SURFACE CLEAN AND MOIST
LACTEAL(LYMPH VESSEL) ABSORBS FATS
LACTEAL SURROUNDED BY CAPILLARIES
...


LYMPHATIC SYSTEM






MILKY LIQUID IS CALLED LYMPH
LACTEAL JOINS TO FORM LYMPH VESSELS
...

EXCESS FAT CONVERTED TO GLYCOGEN AND STORED IN LIVER
MORE FAT WILL BE STORED IN BODY(UNDER SKIN)
...

THIS IS WHERE EXCESS GLUCOSE IS ABSORBED AND STORED AS GLYCOGEN AND EXCESS AMINO ACIDS ARE DEAMINATED TO FORM
A WASTE CALLED UREA
...


EGESTION



UNDIGESTED MATTER REMAINS IN THE INTESTINES
...


BLOOD SUGAR LEVELS MUST REMAIN CONSTANT



TOO HIGH = HYPERGLYCAEMIA (CAUSES KIDNEY&HEART FAILURE)
TOO LOW = HYPOGLYCAEMIA( HEADACHES, SHAKINESS COMA, DEATH)

Some people have allergies, making
some nutrients toxic
...





IT OCCURS IN ALL LIVING CELLS EXCEPT ERYTHROCYTES(RED BLOOD CORPUSCLES)
MOSTLY IN MITOCHONDRIA

STAGES OF RESPIRATION




GLYCOLYSIS
KREBS CYCLE
OXIDATIVE PHOSPHOROLATION

GLYCOLYSIS







IN CYTOPLASM OUTSIDE MITOCHONDRIAN
NO OXYGEN NEEDED
GLUCOSE FUELLED MOLECULE ACTIVATED
THIS MOLECULE UNDERGOES SERIES OF ENZYME CONTROLLED REACTIONS
2 MOLECULES OF PYRUVIC ACID IS FORMED
ENERGY RELEASED IN FORM OF ATP
...


RESPIRATION EXPERIMENTS




OXYGEN IS NECESSARY ( GLOW STICK )
CARBON DIOXIDE NECESSARY ( LIME WATER )
RESPIRATION PRODUCES THERMAL ENERGY ( FLASK )

ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION








NO OXYGEN
MANY MICROORGANISMS SURVIVE LIKE THIS
CAUSES FERMENTATION
AFTER GLYCOLYSIS, PYRUVIC ACID IS CONVERTED TO ALCOHOL AND CO2 IN PLANT LIKE ORGANISMS
...
G YEAST
BUT TO LACTIC ACID IN HUMAN AND ANIMAL MUSCLE CELLS
ENERGY RELEASED FORMS ATP
LACTIC ACID CAUSED TEMPORARY PARALYSIS WHICH FORCES REST AT WHICH OXYGEN SUPPLY CAN CATCH UP TO DEMAND
...

BARLEY FOR BEER

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