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Title: Science Fiction, Bad Science, and Pseudoscience
Description: These college level notes taken at Indian River State College go into detail on topics such as the definition of life, the properties of water, chemistry for biology students, biological macromolecules, an introduction tot he evolutionary theory, cell structure, and even includes practice questions.
Description: These college level notes taken at Indian River State College go into detail on topics such as the definition of life, the properties of water, chemistry for biology students, biological macromolecules, an introduction tot he evolutionary theory, cell structure, and even includes practice questions.
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Chapter 2
Science Fiction, Bad Science, and
Pseudoscience
Water, Biochemistry, and Cells
Can dead humans come back as Zombies?
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...
Do Planes disappear over the Bermuda
Triangle?
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Does eating Turkey cause drowsiness?
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1 A Definition of Life
There is no simple definition of life
...
2
...
Homeostasis
This bird can
maintain a core body
temperature of 108F
during the day even if
the air temperature
drops well below zero
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2 The Properties of water
Elements: fundamental forms of matter
Atoms: the smallest units of an element
Atoms are composed of protons, neutrons,
and electrons
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2 The Properties of water
The Properties of
Atoms
Protons (positive
charge) + neutrons =
nucleus
Electrons (negative
charge) are outside
the nucleus
...
The number of protons
= atomic number
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...
3
The Structure of Water
Molecule: two or more atoms held together
by chemical bonds
Example:
Water molecule: two hydrogen atoms bonded
to one oxygen atom
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2
...
What makes water Polar? (next slide)
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2 The Properties of water
The electrons in water are not
shared equally, this makes a
polar molecule:
The oxygen side is slightly
negative because it pulls the
electrons harder
...
Figure 2
...
2 The Properties of Water
Water molecules orient themselves so that
Oxygen of one molecule is near the hydrogen
atom of the other molecule
...
Figure 2
...
2 The Properties of Water
Hydrogen bond: the weak attraction between
the hydrogen atom of one water molecule and
the oxygen atom of another
(note: hydrogen bonds can also exist between
hydrogen atoms and other electronegative
atoms)
Water molecules tend
to stick together: cohesion
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2
...
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6
2
...
These atoms are called hydrophobic (fear
water)
...
2
...
2
...
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3 Chemistry for Biology Students
Organic Chemistry
All life on Earth is based on organic
chemistry: the chemistry of the element
carbon
...
Why?
Carbon can bond with up to 4 other elements
Carbon is a major component of Macromolecules (sugar, fat ,
protein)
Every living organism contain share similar Macromolecules
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The perfect TinkerToy! Fig
...
7
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3 Chemistry for Biology Students
Organic Chemistry
Remember that carbon is like a molecular
TinkerToy
Can bond to 4 different atoms at once
Covalent bonds: strong bonds from sharing
electrons
Carbon can make macromolecules:
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Lipids
Nucleic Acids
More later
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...
Chemical bonds
Electron liked to be paired
Carbon has 4 unpaired electrons in the outer
ring
...
Methane
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...
Covalent bonds – in this
type of bond atoms share
electrons
...
Figure 2
...
2
...
The pH scale is a measure of the relative
amounts of acids and bases in a solution
...
Figure 2
...
Figure 2
...
3 Chemistry for Biology Students
The ability of elements to make chemical
bonds depends on the electrons in the outer
shell, the valence shell
...
The second and third electron shell can have
up to 8
...
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Valence shell
Oxygen
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Outer shell is filled, the
atom is stable
Chemical bonds
Covalent bonds form when atoms share electrons
...
In the diagram below, two hydrogen atoms are bonded by a single
covalent bond
...
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Chemical bonds
Sodium forms an ionic bond with Chlorine to form Sodium
chloride ( table salt)
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Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc
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4 Biological Macromolecules
Macromolecules are large organic
molecules
Macromolecules present in living organisms
include:
1
...
Proteins
3
...
Nucleic Acids
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12
2
...
Figure 2
...
4 Biological Macromolecules
Carbohydrates are polymers of single sugar
molecules (monomers)
...
polysaccharide
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4 Biological Macromolecules
Structure and
Function of
Proteins
Proteins: polymers
of amino acids;
joined by peptide
bonds
Note: Monomer = small molecule
Polymer = consisting of many monomers
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13
2
...
There are 20 different amino acids, with
different chemical properties
...
(fig 2
...
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14 Amino acids, peptide bonds and proteins
Side groups
Fig 2
...
the side group
make one amino
acid different from
the next
2
...
Figure 2
...
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4 Biological Macromolecules
Structure and Function of Nucleic Acids
Nucleic acids: polymers of nucleotides
Nucleotide: sugar + a phosphate + a
nitrogenous base
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15c
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4 Biological Macromolecules
Structure and Function of Nucleic Acids
Nucleotides are of two types: RNA and DNA,
depending on the sugar
...
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4 Biological Macromolecules
Structure and Function
of Nucleic Acid
The structure of a
DNA molecule is a
double helix
...
sugar
phosphate
Figure 2
...
4 Biological Macromolecules
Structure and
Function of Nucleic
Acid
Bonding between
bases on opposite
strands follows strict
base-pairing rules:
A with T
G with C
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15b
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5 An Introduction to Evolutionary Theory
Theory of evolution explains how all life has
one single common ancestor
...
2
...
Prokaryotic cells are smaller and simpler in
structure
...
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5 An Introduction to Evolutionary Theory
Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
Prokaryotes do not have a true nucleus
...
Figure 2
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5 An Introduction to Evolutionary Theory
Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
This unity of life is best explained by a tree
of life, with modern species having evolved
from common ancestors
Title: Science Fiction, Bad Science, and Pseudoscience
Description: These college level notes taken at Indian River State College go into detail on topics such as the definition of life, the properties of water, chemistry for biology students, biological macromolecules, an introduction tot he evolutionary theory, cell structure, and even includes practice questions.
Description: These college level notes taken at Indian River State College go into detail on topics such as the definition of life, the properties of water, chemistry for biology students, biological macromolecules, an introduction tot he evolutionary theory, cell structure, and even includes practice questions.