Notesale: Turn your study into money

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Patterns and Change:

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! Population change
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1
! population - China Ageing

Causes - gender distortion, increased economic wealth, 1 child policy, later marriages
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9), high
dependancy ratio, 49 median age by 2050
...

Consequences - increased poverty, increased pressure on facilities and scarce resources
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1
...

Incentives - pay £1000 for couples with a 3rd child, generous maternity grants, 30% fare reduction for 3rd
child families, current fertility rate below replacement level at 1
...


!
Anti-Natalist - China (1979) -

Rules - urban dwellers allowed 1 child, rural dwellers allowed 2 if 1st is a girl
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4% of government budget to
enforce system, penalties can be 3 times annual pay
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1
...

In Syria due to civil war, 5000 move out a day, 1 million have fled, 2 million displaced, the UN helping 1/5
of citizens, refugee camps built on Syria-Turkey border
...

Positive effects on origin - remittances, increases prosperity
...

Negative effects on origin - underemployment (20%), ageing population, unstable pension system
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!
! Gender and change
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4
! - women have little legal status, lack of commitment to women
...

Tenure - formal and traditional legal systems and societal norms often deny women rights to property
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g
...

Gender Imbalance - e
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China, one child policy, and gender specific abortions
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g
...

Health - 50% more likely to get HIV/AIDS, stat decreasing due to education and contraception
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2
...
Incentive for LEDC’s
HDI
to improve
...

Cons - doesn't account for inequality, quality of education not recorded, data can be inaccurate especially in
LEDC’s, doesn't show internal disparities, doesn't acknowledge all aspects (e
...
environmental factors)
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2
...
g
...
Thus they are the ethnic minorities
...


!
Residence - e
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Dharavi

Lots of rural to urban migration into Mumbai, newcomers often move into Dharavi due to contrasts in
wealth, current population of 20 million
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g
...

National Av
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47 so fairly unequal, but improving slowly
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g
...

To combat unemployment some provinces encourage working in the informal sector
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g
...

Urban - cannot own land so less security, if you leave/lose job you have no land to return to
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Rural areas - poor infrastructure, no incentive to have facilities (schools/hospitals) as they have no money to
build it (poverty cycle)
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3
&
2
...

Anomaly in Africa - rises until 1990 (51 years) then drops due to HIV/AIDS
...


! and Education - 1810, above 40 life expectancy and $400 income
...
2009, majority of countries above 50 life expectancy, wealth came before health for western con
tries whereas China was the opposite
...


! (Poverty Reduction) - %age living on less than $1
...
Due to
MDG’s
acceleration in developing country growth; China cut down most from 84% to 10%
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!
Education - All countries have high enrolment rates except Sub-Saharan Africa
...

Globally 123 million youths are illiterate and 61% are women
...
g
...
6 million books distributed, 400 classrooms built, 20k taught, 12k teachers trained
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! - Child Mortality; majority of Asia and North Africa reached goal, Oceania and Central Asia not
Health

reached, overall drop of 47%
...


!
! Atmosphere and change
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1
! Change Climate
! Causes Natural

Input change, sunspot activity; give off large amounts of radiation
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Dust
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! Causes Human

Emission of G
...
gases
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Industry
(5%), gives off CO2
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Transportation (14
...
Land use change, burning fuel wood (deforestation so less biomass for CO2 absorption)
...

Rising sea levels - ice caps/glaciers on land melting, thermal expansion of water, destruction of habitat e
...

coral 25% marine life, flooding; loss of habitat; salinisation; increased erosion, if Greenland melts 8m sea
level rise
...
g
...

Marine Conditions - coral bleaching 70% mortality, distortion of habitats (optimum = 5-25m, 18-34C)
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H
...
e
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2-6
...


!
! Soil and change
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2
! of soil degradation Causes

lack of water, lack of vegetation, no binding, overpopulation, wind (blows away topsoil), overcultivation
(loosing chemical nutrients), monoculture (depletes nutrients quickly), water (erosion of topsoil)
...


!
Consequences -

eroded land, water carries top soil into Yellow River, no transpiration so reduced rainfall, no vegetation,
floods, 1 billion tonnes of sediment washed away, erratic river changes (floods), unable to extract water, dust
storms exacerbate greenhouse effect (trapped in a cycle of poverty and ecological degradation)
...

10 years later - established vegetation (50 different species), incomes have increased by a factor of 4,
hydrological balance restored (soil rehabilitated)
...
3 Water and change
...
g
...
9 billion tonnes of water used for 450 coal stations for cooling, only 40% is recycled
in industry, low water productivity ($8 per cubic metre in China, $58 per cubic metre in Europe),
environmental (2/3 of plankton dead), political (previous sections of river re decreasing in flow)
...

Definition 2 - where water is available but due to lack of income people cannot access or store it
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5% fresh
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3 billion people live in water stressed areas (>1700 cubic metres per year)
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!
! Biodiversity and change
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4
!
Definition - the variety of fauna and flora, 7% coverage, 50% species
...
H, 30 species provide 95% of our food intake
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Forest destruction - gives out 17% from combustion
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!
! Sustainability and the environment
...
g
...
5
!
Congestion charge (tax on petrol) - 20% reduction in cars, 3% decline in CO2, 13% decline in nitric oxides
...

!
Disadvantages - more pressure on public systems, foreign cars/vehicles can’t be charged
...

4
...

World’s capacity is 1
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2 global hectare/person, Africa’s 0
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Solutions - decrease the demand and waste of resources, increase sustainability
...

Advantages - looks at resource use, indication as to how sustainable a country is, allows comparison between
countries
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! Malthusian View - Idea that population will increase until optimum but will then be brought down due
Neo
to famine, war, overconsumed resources, disease (roughly at 2030)
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! Malthusian (Boserup) View - Idea that population will increase as well as resource prices
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!
!

4
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!
Production and Consumption of Oil -

Saudi - largest production and net exports after Russia
...

Factors affecting production - location, transport, politics (OPEC), demand, civil unrest, geopolitical unrest
(Arab Spring), natural hazards, price influences production
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!
Geopolitical Impacts of Oil (OPEC) -

Importance of Middle East as a supplier of oil is critical
...
Thus increase its economic and political power
...
Countries therefore need to maintain good political links
with the Middle East and strive for political stability within country, involve Middle East in economic
cooperation, reassess coal and other forms of energy as option (reduces dependancy)
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!
Deepwater Horizon BP (2010) - Gulf of Mexico, 42 miles off coast
...

Effects - sea coral damaged (400 species at risk), 8 US national parks threatened, entry of oil and dispenses
into food chain, $2
...
4 billion sued in oil spill
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51% of power, clean energy, renewable abundant supply, power is “free”
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London Array has
175 turbines and reduces CO2 by 900,000 tonnes
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However, has high construction costs, high risks if accident occurs,
Uranium is a finite resource, waste lasts 250,000 years
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4
...
g
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! Scale Reducing Consumption - e
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London Petrol (Hydrocarbons) National

Cars - congestion charge 20% reduction in cars in addition more freedom of movement and speed, reduced
pollution, allow hybrid/electric cars free, hydrogen buses and biofuel taxies free
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Public Transport - encouraged to prevent mass use of hydrocarbons, DLR takes 4 million people per day
(less on the roads)
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