Notesale: Turn your study into money

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Management Processes
Planning
What is planning? According to Hearron and Hildebrand (2003) planning is creating a mental
image of what one want to accomplish and how he or she will go about doing so, and a road map
of where he or she want to go and how he or she will get there
...
Planning process starts by considering the goals and
objectives of the organisation
...
Then next plans are developed to achieve the goals and objectives of the organisation
...

Types of Planning
The types of planning include:


Strategic planning
Strategic planning is the process of developing an overall master plan that shapes its destiny
...




Tactical planning
It breaks the master plan down into specific goals, assigning them to various parts of the
organisation
...




Operational planning
It spells out the specific procedures or steps that will take to meet the goals and objectives
...


Organizing
It is deciding what jobs must be done, the skills required, and how the jobs relate to each other
...
The critical process starts after planning and requires assembling people, physical space,
equipment, and materials in an orderly process so as to accomplish goals and objectives
...
The manager delegates and organises units
to facilitate the achievement of goals
...


Organizational arrangements are the means to an end
...

Then the manager prepares job design and job description which are described as follows:
(i) Job Design
Job design is the process of laying out job responsibilities and duties and describing how they are
to be performed
...
In a child development centre teachers teach, cooks prepare meals, caregivers feed
children, watchmen provide security, cleaners do the cleaning, drivers transport children to and
from the centre or programme
...
It should be
available at the time of hiring an individual
...
The job description will have
a space at the end for the manager and the employee to sign and date it
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The job description will be used to evaluate
the employees and be kept in their personnel files
...

Staffing
What is staffing? According to Hearron and Hildebrand (2003) staffing is a process of recruiting
and dealing with human resources (human capital) required to perform the functions of the school
or organisation
...

The achievement of the goals and objectives of a child development centre will depend on the
quality of staff recruited
...
High standards begin with
high–quality staff and continuous staff development
...

(iii) The manager maintains constructive relationships with staff and others
...
Job description is used as the
basis for the evaluation
...
The
management should encourage and help if possible the staff to continue developing themselves
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The person to work with children should have a reasonable level of
education depending on the area or region
...
The person should be professionally trained
...

 Adequate experience
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 Good character
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 Love
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 Communication skills
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 Relevant Knowledge
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 Skilled
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 Child right
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Leading
What is leading? According to Hearron and Hildebrand (2003) leading is a process of directing
and influencing others through example, information, and personal interaction skills
...

According to DubBrin (2000) leading is a process of inspiring confidence and support among the
people who are needed to achieve organisational goals
...

Leading is democratic and cooperative
...
Leading requires skills
in interpersonal relations that is the ability to develop rapport and motivation among all employees
in order to provide high-quality services
...
People are more effective as workers if they
sense these positive attitudes than they are if they feel you are not interested, hostile and
unsupportive
...
Leaders must possess
intelligence, vision, initiative, maturity, decisiveness, and self-assurance
...

(ii) The manager maintains an attitude of looking forward to changes and improvement in services
using up-to-date information and trends
...

(iii) The manager provides active leadership in professional activities in the community, or nation
...

Types of leadership needed in an early childhood education programme
They include:
(i) Pedagogical leadership
What is pedagogy? Pedagogy is the science of teaching
...
He or she also applies theories of child
development in the programme
...

(b) Staff relations competency
It is the ability to get the staff work together to accomplish programme goals and is grounded in
effective communication like; listening carefully, show interest in what the other person is saying,
have eye contact, put yourself in other person’s position, don’t express anger, provide enough time,
and do not distract
...
The manager garners for public and private support for staff
training, fair compensation for child-care professionals, and quality child care
...

It is important to note that not every manager is a leader
...
Leadership in the area of early
childhood education is collaborative compatible with a model of servant-leadership
...

What is controlling? It is the process of checking regularly to ensure that the plan is actually being
carried out and meeting its intended targets or standards like those set in the ECD service standard
guidelines
...

After a plan of action has been developed and put into action, the manager checks regularly to
ensure that the plan is actually being carried out and is meeting its targets
...
The set
standards are minimum requirements established by the government for the protection of children
when they are not in their parents’ care
...

According to Hearron and Hildebrand (2003) standard is a measure of the quality or quantity of a
service or product
...

What are the functions of controlling? The functions of controlling are:
 To establish standards of performance
 To compare actual results against standards
 To take corrective actions where required
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Quality Assurance
What is quality assurance? It is the processing ensuring quality
...

Principles of Quality assurance
What are the principles of quality assurance?

The principles are:








The principle of customer satisfaction
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The principle of leadership
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Principle of strategic planning
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Principle of collective responsibility
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Principle of continuous improvement
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Principle of cooperation
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Principle of training
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Advantages of quality control
They include:
 Reduction in costs
 Customer satisfaction
 More profits
(b) Budgetary control
Budgeting
What is a budget? A budget is a statement of income and expenditure which shows sources of
income and how the money will be spent
...

Income minus expenditure equal to profit or loss
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Importance of a budget
The budget will dictate the type and quality of services to be provided to children
...
It shows how money will be spent and on what
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It controls the spending of money
...
It helps the manager and sponsors to see how money is being spent
...
It is used to assess whether budget objectives have been achieved or not
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This means that a school or ECD centre without enough funds or whose funds are poorly managed
will provide poor quality services
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The head
teacher is the principal accounting officer for the school
...

To be able to account properly the manager should do the following:
 Receipting money received
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 Proper record
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Money received should be banked the soonest possible or same day
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Before money is spent, the manager should seek the approval of the
committee
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Make all expenditures on payment voucher
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The manager should ensure that money is strictly used for the purpose it was planned
for
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The manager should balance income and expenditure so that he/she may not spend
more than was received or earned
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The manager should always keep economics in mind while spending
money
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REFERENCES
Bhatia, K
...
(1994)
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Ludhiana: Tandon publications
...
(2009)
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Nairobi,
Longhorn Publishers
...
(2004)
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NY: Thomson Delmar
learning
...
A
...
Management theory and practice
...

Sciarra, D
...
and Dorsey, A
...
(2003)
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NY:
Dermar Learning
...
L
...
Introduction to early childhood education
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Government of Kenya
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The education act
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Lawton, J
...
(1998)
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Boston:
Scott, Foresman and Company
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Fundamentals of early childhood Education
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School Management Guide
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Ministry of Education (1987)
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Research
Findings ad Recommendations
...

Okumbe, J
...
(1998) Educational Management, Theory and Practice
...

Patricia, F
...
and Hildebrand, V
...
Management of child development centres
...

Read, K
...
, & Mahler, B
...
Early childhood programmes
...

Russell, R
...
and Taylor, B
...
(2003)
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Teachers Service Commission (2005)
...

Nairobi: Government Printer

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