Notesale: Turn your study into money

Document Preview

Extracts from the notes are below, to see the PDF you'll receive please use the links above

---

Methods of Teaching Social Studies
Introduction
Criteria for selecting appropriate methods of teaching
What is a method? It is a means of creating reaction and a response
...
It is the means of achieving the set objectives
...
The methods to be used in
teaching depend on the objectives to be achieved
...


The age and knowledge of the learner
...


Attitudes of the teacher
...


Theories of teaching and learning
...
The method puts a lot of emphasis on the presentation of the content
...
In the method, the teacher is more active than the learners
...
This method requires that the teacher gives a lecture by
speaking to his/her pupils without giving the pupils any demonstration
...

Advantages of lecture method
They include:
 Faster
...

 Cheap
...

 Develops oral skills
...

Disadvantages of lecture method




It is teacher centred and not learner centred
...

Weak pupils do not benefit due to speed of lecturing
...

Be a good speaker and motivator of learning
...

Allow students to participate in the lecture by answering questions
...


Discussions
It’s talking over something from different points of view
...
The teacher provides a topic for discussion and directs the
learners’ views towards the discussion
...
In a discussion the learner analyses relationships, compares, evaluates and
concludes
...
In a
discussion learners share information, and clarify ideas
...

There are two types of discussions: Planned discussion and group discussion
...
In planned discussion, learners are assigned topics to read and then give
a summary or answers to some tasks during a class discussion
...
The teacher will ensure that the whole class participates
...
It may be whole class discussion or small groups’ discussion
...
This will ensure that
issues or topics are effectively discussed
...
At the end of the
discussion group leaders give their summaries for the class
...

Deep understanding
...

Strong teacher-learner relationship
...

Good personality
...

Both learners’ benefits
...

Sharing of ideas
...

Clarifies issues
...

Helps learners to discover what they don’t know
...

It develops team spirit
...

Provides learners opportunity to express themselves
...

Provides learners opportunities to give their views on different issues
...
The method contributes to the development of leadership qualities
in learners
...

It develops self-control
...


Disadvantages of discussion





Time consuming as opposed to lecture method
...

Some students may not participate or won’t be active
...


Ways of promoting discussions in teaching/learning









Group learners using mixed ability grouping
...

Facilitator
...

Assist in answering learner’s questions and help them understand each step in learning
...

Topics for discussion should centre on those in which learners have some basic knowledge
...

Use positive reinforcement to encourage the discussion
...
The teacher may show
how to operate something or a process of doing something
...
The method allows the teacher to use specimen and allow children to perform
simple experiments
...
During the demonstration, the area of concern
should be clear and learners should be involved in the demonstration
...


Advantages of demonstration
 It provides more accurate results
...

 Learners see, smell, touch, and even hear with their own senses when they learn
...






Learners interact with instructional media and their environment
...

It gives learners an opportunity to ask questions for better understanding
...

 It is expensive
...

 Time consuming
...
This
method is appropriate for teaching children because they love asking questions
...
The learners will also ask
the teacher questions
...
Each learner should be
given enough time to answer questions
...







Set the questions from what has already been learnt
...

The questions should be objective meaning that it enables the learners to demonstrate a certain
expected learning behaviour
...

Use a simple, clear language with complete illustration of the question content
...
They go out to visit interesting sites such as rivers,
lakes, oceans, hills, mountains, animal parks e
...
c
...
They connect children to the community and provide experiences which instructional
media cannot provide
...

Importance of field trips







Provides concrete experiences
...

Enhances curiosity in children
...

Reinforcing what has been learned in class
...

Breaks classroom monotony
...

Makes learning real
...


Objectives of field trips






To develop observation and discovery skills
...

To develop awareness of their culture and that of others
...

To explore their neighbourhood and community
...

(iii) A walking trip around the neighbourhood
It is an extension of a walking trip around the familiar room
...
They are short in duration and offers children time to discover and ask
many questions
...
Examples of major fieldtrips
include visiting a zoo, a city, bakery or university
...
The objectives will be
written in specific terms
...

ii)

Selecting the place to visited

The place should safe for children and close to the school or ECD centre so that children may not
be tired
...

 To know the rules and regulations in the place
...




To set date and time of the visit
...
Make a list
of all that will be done and when it will be done and how it will be done and by whom
...
Then after making the plan tell children
what they will learn or see
...


v)

Prepare the parents

After making the plan, then prepare for the trip by informing parents about the trip, and the purpose
of the trip
...

vii) Implementing the trip
You will be required to do the following:
 Prepare a trip kit containing water, first aid kit and other necessary things
...

 As you are on the trip ensure that all children with you
...

viii)

Provide follow up activities

These includes Drawing pictures about the trip
...

 Write stories or notes about the trip
...

ix) Evaluating the trip
...
If not achieved why? And what
will you do?
Advantages of field trips








Provides opportunities for direct observation and develops the skill of keen observations in
children
...

Learners interact with their environment and their community
...

It refreshes the learners mind and gives them the best opportunity to develop their personality
and language development
...

Develops interest in children in some areas or professions
...

Waste of time if not well planned
Accidents may occur during the trip
Long distance field trips not appropriate for children

Ways of improving field trips








Proper planning
...

Write to the management of the place to visit to secure permission to visit the place informing
them of the purpose of the trip
...
g
...

Prepare the learners on the requirements of the trip that is what they need to carry and wear
...

Equip your learners with observation and recording materials
...


Story telling
Stories provide an excellent way of teaching our culture to children
...
As a teacher you need to tell your story in a simple
way and interesting style so that children remember and enjoy narrating it for as long as possible
...

 Use a good voice and do not be loud or too soft except where this is necessary
...

 Let the children/audience participate in the story telling by clapping, ululating or hymning
...
You may pause at times
...

 Wear costume to imitate objects in your story
...

 Teach the story to your audience/children
...
Ask children to
retell the story in groups to their friends even in class
...

 The song in the story may be sung in the local dialect/language like Kiswahili, Kikuyu,
Ekegusii etc
...

 Makes learning interesting
 Transmits culture
...

Principles of project method
...
The purpose is to stimulate the learner or child
...
The songs have knowledge, values and attitudes to
be developed in children
...
Singing help to build children’s memory
skills
...
Teach your child the formula for riddles
either in English, Kiswahili or mother tongue
...

Ensure this is a lively lesson
...
The best and simplest one involve
looking at the environment around you and describing some traits or characteristics of objects
around
...

1
...
You: Riddle! Riddle!
Pupil: Riddle!

You: My beautiful small house has four wheels
Pupil: It is a car
You: (applaud)
This session requires that all learners participate
...

Role Play/Dramatization
Role playing is an activity presented during a lesson to show specific issues for study and
discussion
...
It also does not involve elaborate
preparation and there may be no rehearsals
...
Children may be
allowed to select the roles they will like to play and children should not be forced to play roles
...
The teacher will ask relevant questions
for children to answer to help them to learn
...

It develops children’s vocabulary and language skills
...


Problem solving
The method is used to prepare learners to be able to solve problems in life
...
It requires the learner to find a
solution for a problem or situation
...

Criteria to follow when selecting a problem
The problem should touch the life of the learner
The problem should be challenging
...

The learners should feel the problem
...

The problem should be age appropriate and meet the needs and interests of learners
...
Discover the problem
...
Make the problem clear to children or learners
...


3
...
The information should be collected systematically
...
Organize the data in order to make meaning from the data through discussions
...

5
...
No conclusions should be accepted without being verified
...

 It ensures understanding
...

 Makes learning practical and real
...

 Arouses children curiosity
...

 Make learners very active
...
Problems are according to the abilities of children
...

Modelling
It is a method which is used as a visual aid to learning
...
It is a form of learning from experience
...
Learners observe and model teachers’
qualities and skills
...

Teacher use reinforcements to encourage children with positive behaviour
...
The teacher may require children to read and write, draw and colour, to fill-in missing letters
or numbers
...
Assignment is meant to make
children to find out more information or keep children busy
...

 Keeps children busy at home
...

 Parents are able to see how their children are progressing
...
J
...
Educational Sociology
...

Click, P
...
Administration of programs for young children
...

Cook, L
...
& Cook, E
...
(1950)
...


NY: McGrow Hill Book Co
...
(1969)
...

Dewey, J
...
Experience and Education
...

Durkhein, E
...
Education and sociology
...

Essa, E
...
(1999)
...
NY: Delmar
Publishers
...
(1903)
...
NY: Appleton
...
(1988)
...

Nairobi
...
R
...
Culture in school learning: Revealing the deep
meaning
...

Kilpatrick, W
...
(1961)
...
NY: McMillan Co
...
(1992)
...
” London: Falmer Press
...
T
...
Introduction to child care & early childhood
Education
...

Mathur, S
...
(1992)
...
Agra:
Vinod PustakMandir
...
Fundamentals of early childhood Education
...

Nordskog, E
...
(1960)
...
NY
...

Ornstein, A
...
(1988)
...
New
Jersey: Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs
...
, Gardner, P
...
(1993)
...

Harcourt Brace Javanovich College Publishers
...
S
...
A new approach to teacher and education
...

Shor, I
...
Empowering education
...

Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press
...
(1962)
...
NY: Harcourt,
Brace & World, Inc
...
S
...
Curriculum, Principles and Foundations
...

Crowell Company, Inc

---