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Punishment and Behaviour Modification Techniques

Definition of Punishment
Punishment is an aversive or an unpleasant stimulation applied to a behaviour
...
Therefore, it is a form of control of behaviour in which an
aversive stimulus is administered
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In short, we can say that
punishment involves:

1
...
g
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Removing an individual from a reinforcing situation e
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separate a child from others, send
a child out of a room, etc
3
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When it is swift, strong and consistent, punishment can be a powerful instrument for modifying
behaviour
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Therefore, the punished behaviour may reappear
in settings where punishment is unlikely
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Physical punishment – e
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caning
2
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g
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Both physical and psychological – e
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asking a chid to kneel before the class and put up
his hands
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Adverse Effects of Punishment
1
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Anxiety – punishment can cause fear and anxiety in children
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g
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3
...

4
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5
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Punishment does not guide the chid towards the desired behaviour
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Misuses of Punishment
1
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2
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Factors to Consider when Using Punishment
1
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2
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3
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This means that the same mistake should attract
the same punishment at different times and there should be no favouritism
4
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Behaviour Modification Techniques
Teachers should realise that bad behaviour is usually a symptom of a problem
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Behaviour modification techniques can be used to try and
change children’s behaviour
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Types of behaviour modification techniques include:
1
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Provide opportunities for
involvement of the pupil, give assignments that require wanted activity
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Contracting (group and individual) – agreements between student-teacher which specify
both student and teacher behaviour e
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can agree that the learner will volunteer once each
day to collect all the play materials and if the child keeps the contract he/she will get a new
one and also get something that the learner wants
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3
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Reasons that appeal to the effect of behaviour on
others are successful and important in development of higher levels of moral orientation
4
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Reinforcing – reinforcing immediately when responses are made
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6
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7
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Tokens are concrete forms of reinforcers
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They are presented to learners after performing a desirable behaviour e
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coming
to class on time – 2 tokens, using words such as please and thank you – 2 tokens, etc
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g
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Back up reinforcers have to be
alternative and there is also a cost feature e
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tokens can be taken away if for example one
misbehaves
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REFERENCES
Hilgard, E
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(1977)
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New York: Harcourt, Brace and
World
Lamberth, J
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Foundations of Psychology
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R
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Psychology for teaching
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Morris, C
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Psychology and Introduction
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Myers, D
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(1990)
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New York: Worth Publishers Inc
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W
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Educational psychology
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Silverman, R
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(1982)
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Englewood, New Jersey Cliffs: Prentice Hall
Inc

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