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Theories of Educational Admiration
Management theory
What is a theory? According to Hearron and Hildebrand (2003) a theory is an organised set of
related ideas, concepts, and principles that describes a particular area of knowledge
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Managers of programmes for children read
theories to understand how children grow, develop, and learn to help them to make the right
decisions
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Theories of
human development also help managers and teachers to have developmentally appropriate practice
in early childhood education programmes
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The theories that underlie the programme influence the ways the
manager sees children and families and the decisions he/she makes
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Classical Theories of Management
According to classical theories of management, organisations are like machines, designed to
accomplish specific purpose, and managers are like engineers who create and operate the
machines
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Some of the classical theories are described in the
following sub-sections:
Henri Fayol Theory of Management
Henri Fayol was a French industrialist
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According to Fayol:
 Forecasting and planning is to look to the future and draw up a plan of action
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 Coordinating is a unifying activity
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According to Fayol, the key activities of management are:
 Technical activities like production
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Financial activities like securing capital
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Accounting activities like providing financial information
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Fayol’s Principles of management
According to Fayol for one to be a successful manager he /she should apply some principles or
guidelines
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The principles are:
1
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According to Fayol, you as a manager of a school or early
childhood program should divide work and trust that people will do the work well
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2
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It refers to the right to give orders
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3
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It is outward mark of respect in accordance with formal or informal agreements
between employees and employer
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4
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It means that the interests of one
individual or group should not prevail over the general good that is the interest of the all
the staff
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Remuneration
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6
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It refers to a place for everything and everything in its right place; the right man in
the right place
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7
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It refers to a combination of kindness and justice towards employees
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Stability of tenure of personnel
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9
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All levels of staff should be encouraged to be initiative and innovative
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Harmony
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The
manager should ensure that there is harmony in an organisation or place of work
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Urwick Theory of Management
Lyndall Urwick was so influenced by Henri Fayol’s ideas
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He wrote a book called the elements of
administration in which he talked about the principles to be applied in organizations to enable them
to achieve their objectives
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Urwick’s Principles of management
The principles are:
i
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Every organisation must have an overall objective or goal
to be achieved for example to provide quality child care and education
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iii
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v
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The principle of specialisation
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The principle of coordination
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The principle of responsibility
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The principle of definition
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The principle of continuity
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Human Relations Theories of Management
The theories are concerned with the human factor in management
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The human relations theorists were academics or
behavioural scientists
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The theories talk about individual
motivation, group behaviour and leadership
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He was a university Professor in industrial research at Harvard
Graduate School of Business Administration
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From 1927-1932 he conducted studies at the Hawthorne plant of the Western Electric Company
in Chicago, USA
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He found that man is a social animal at work and that
membership of a group is important to workers or staff and according to Mayo concern for people
should be given top priority
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Some of the findings were as follows:
 Individual workers should not be treated in isolation, but instead be seen as a member of a
group
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 Informal groups at work exercise a strong influence over the behaviour of workers
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The Hawthorne experiment begun as a study into physical conditions and productivity
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One of its important findings was that social relations at work were as important as monetary
incentives and good physical conditions
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Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Theory of management
Maslow was an American psychologist
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Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs theory is one of the major theories of
human motivation
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Self-actualisation needs
Esteem needs
Love needs
Safety needs
Physiological needs
The first point of Maslow’s theory of management is that people are motivated by the desire to
satisfy specific groups of needs
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 Safety needs for example environment free from threats
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 Esteem needs for example self-respect, and esteem of others
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The second point of Maslow’s theory is that people tend to satisfy their needs systematically,
starting with the most basic (physiological needs) and then move up the hierarchy
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This means that a hungry person is not going to be motivated by safety or affection until
after his/her hunger is satisfied
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Total Quality Management (TQM)
It is an approach to management which focuses on provision of quality services or products and
satisfaction of the customer
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According to total quality management approach, ideas should flow upward from the people doing
the work and downward from the organisation’s leader or manager
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In total quality management, every staff will be expected to understand and be committed to the
organisation’s mission, spot problems, propose solutions, and take appropriate action to solve
them
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In total quality management approach the central focus is customer satisfaction
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(iv) Doing small things right the first time
In total quality management, quality is achieved by doing even small things right the first time and
not a second time
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When
products or outcomes are faulty, the process is examined and altered as needed
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In total quality management there is continuous improvement of services and management do not
rest on their success but strive for continuous improvement
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K
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School management
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Begi, N
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Administration and Management of ECDE Programmes
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Click, P
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Administration of programmes for young children
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Cole, G
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(1990)
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London: DP publications
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J
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G
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Developing and administering a child care centre
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Essa, E
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(1999)
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NY: Delmar Publishers
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(1980)
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Nairobi: Government Printer
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T
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Introduction to child care & early childhood Education
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Morrison, G, S, (1997)
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New Jersey: Printice
Hall:
Ministry of Education (1999)
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Nairobi: Jomo Kenyatta
Foundation
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Evaluation of NACECE – DICECE Programme
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Nairobi: Government Printer
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A
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Nairobi:
University Press, Nairobi
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H
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(2003)
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New Jersey: Merrill Prentice Hall
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, Gardner, P
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(1993)
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NY: Harcourt
brace Jovanovich College Publishers
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S
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W
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Operations management (Fourth edition),
Prentice – Hall of India Private Limited, New Delhi
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Code of regulations for teachers
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